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Algorithms Algorithms（算法） bsearch bsearch_s qsort qsort_s Atomic operations Atomic operations library（原子操作庫） ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREE atomic_compare_exchange_strong atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit atomic_compare_exchange_weak atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit atomic_exchange atomic_exchange_explicit atomic_fetch_add atomic_fetch_add_explicit atomic_fetch_and atomic_fetch_and_explicit atomic_fetch_or atomic_fetch_or_explicit atomic_fetch_sub atomic_fetch_sub_explicit atomic_fetch_xor atomic_fetch_xor_explicit atomic_flag atomic_flag_clear atomic_flag_clear_explicit ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT atomic_flag_test_and_set atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit atomic_init atomic_is_lock_free atomic_load atomic_load_explicit atomic_signal_fence atomic_store atomic_store_explicit atomic_thread_fence（線程圍欄） ATOMIC_VAR_INIT kill_dependency memory_order（內(nèi)存排序） C keywords auto（自動(dòng)存儲(chǔ)） break（跳出循環(huán)） C keywords（關(guān)鍵詞） case char const（常量修飾符） continue default（預(yù)設(shè)運(yùn)算式） do double（雙精度浮點(diǎn)型） else enum（枚舉類型） extern（全局變量） float（浮點(diǎn)數(shù)） for fortran goto（goto語句） if（if語句） inline（行內(nèi)函式） int long（長(zhǎng)整型） register（寄存器變量） restrict（ restrict類型限定符） return short signed sizeof（sizeof運(yùn)算符） static（靜態(tài)變量） struct（結(jié)構(gòu)體） switch（switch語句） typedef（typedef關(guān)鍵字） union（聯(lián)合體） unsigned（無符號(hào)） void（空類型） volatile（volatile變量） while（while語句） _Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic _Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local C language #define directive #elif directive #else directive #endif directive #error directive #if directive #ifdef directive #ifndef directive #include directive #line directive #pragma directive alignas（對(duì)齊指定符） Alternative operators and tokens（替代運(yùn)算符和令牌） Analyzability Arithmetic operators Arithmetic types Array declaration（數(shù)組聲明） Array initialization（陣列初始化） ASCII Chart Assignment operators（賦值運(yùn)算符） types（atomic類型限定符） Basic concepts Bit fields（位域） break statement C language C Operator Precedence cast operator character constant（字符字面量） Comments（注釋符） Comparison operators（比較運(yùn)算符） compound literals（符合字面量） Conditional inclusion（條件包含） Conformance（一致性） const type qualifier（const 限定符） Constant expressions（常量表達(dá)） continue statement Declarations（聲明） do-while loop Enumerations（枚舉類型） Escape sequences（轉(zhuǎn)義字符） Expressions（表達(dá)式） External and tentative definitions（外部和暫定的定義） File scope（文件范圍） floating constant（浮點(diǎn)常量） for loop Function declarations（函數(shù)聲明） Function definitions（函數(shù)聲明） Functions Generic selection泛型選擇 goto statement Identifier（標(biāo)示符） if statement Implicit conversions（隱式轉(zhuǎn)換） Increment/decrement operators（前置/后置操作符） Initialization（初始化） inline function specifier（內(nèi)聯(lián)函式） integer constant Lifetime（生命期） Logical operators（邏輯運(yùn)算符） Lookup and name spaces Main function（主函式） Member access operators（會(huì)員接入運(yùn)營(yíng)商） Memory model Objects and alignment（字節(jié)對(duì)齊） Order of evaluation（評(píng)估順序） Other operators Phases of translation（翻譯階段） Pointer declaration Preprocessor（預(yù)處理） restrict type qualifier（restrict類型限定符） return statement Scalar initialization（標(biāo)量類型初始化） Scope（范圍） sizeof operator（sizeof運(yùn)算符） Statements（陳述） static assert declaration（靜態(tài)斷言聲明） Static storage duration（靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)周期） Storage-class specifiers（存儲(chǔ)類說明符） string literals（字符串字面量） Struct and union initialization（結(jié)構(gòu)體與聯(lián)合體初始化） Struct declaration（結(jié)構(gòu)體聲明） switch statement Thread storage duration（線程存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間） Type Type（類型） Typedef declaration（Typedef聲明） Undefined behavior（未定義行為） Union declaration（聯(lián)合體聲明） Value categories（值類別） Variadic arguments（變長(zhǎng)參數(shù)宏） volatile type qualifier（volatile 類型限定符） while loop _Alignof operator _Noreturn function specifier Date and time asctime（asctime函數(shù)） asctime_s clock CLOCKS_PER_SEC clock_t ctime（ctime函數(shù)） ctime_s Date and time utilities（日期和時(shí)間庫） difftime（計(jì)算兩個(gè)時(shí)間的間隔） gmtime gmtime_s localtime localtime_s mktime（將時(shí)間結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成經(jīng)過的秒數(shù)的函數(shù)） strftime（格式化輸出時(shí)間函數(shù)） time timespec timespec_get time_t tm wcsftime（格式化時(shí)間寬字符） Dynamic memory management aligned_alloc C memory management library（內(nèi)存管理庫） calloc free（釋放動(dòng)態(tài)分配空間的函數(shù)） malloc（動(dòng)態(tài)分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)） realloc（重新分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)） Error handling abort_handler_s assert（斷言） constraint_handler_t errno（錯(cuò)誤報(bào)告） Error handling（錯(cuò)誤處理） Error numbers（錯(cuò)誤個(gè)數(shù)） ignore_handler_s set_constraint_handler_s static_assert File input/output clearerr（清除/復(fù)位） fclose feof ferror fflush（清空文件緩沖區(qū)） fgetc fgetpos fgets fgetwc fgetws File input/output fopen fopen_s fprintf fprintf_s fputc fputs fputwc fputws fread freopen freopen_s fscanf fscanf_s fseek fsetpos ftell fwide fwprintf fwprintf_s fwrite fwscanf fwscanf_s getc getchar gets gets_s getwchar perror printf printf_s putc putchar puts putwc putwchar remove rename rewind scanf scanf_s setbuf setvbuf snprintf sprintf sscanf sscanf_s swprintf swprintf_s swscanf swscanf_s tmpfile tmpfile_s tmpnam tmpnam_s ungetc ungetwc vfprintf vfprintf_s vfscanf vfscanf_s vfwprintf vfwprintf_s vfwscanf vfwscanf_s vprintf vprintf_s vscanf vscanf_s vsnprintf vsprintf vsscanf vsscanf_s vswprintf vswprintf_s vswscanf vswscanf_s vwprintf vwprintf_s vwscanf vwscanf_s wprintf wprintf_s wscanf wscanf_s Localization support lconv LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME localeconv Localization support setlocale Numerics abs acos acosf acosh acoshf acoshl acosl asin asinf asinh asinhf asinhl asinl atan atan2 atan2f atan2l atanf atanh atanhf atanhl atanl cabs cabsf cabsl cacos cacosf cacosh cacoshf cacoshl cacosl carg cargf cargl casin casinf casinh casinhf casinhl casinl catan catanf catanh catanhf catanhl catanl cbrt cbrtf cbrtl ccos ccosf ccosh ccoshf ccoshl ccosl ceil ceilf ceill cexp cexpf cexpl cimag cimagf cimagl clog clogf clogl CMPLX CMPLXF CMPLXL Common mathematical functions complex Complex number arithmetic conj conjf conjl copysign copysignf copysignl cos cosf cosh coshf coshl cosl cpow cpowf cpowl cproj cprojf cprojl creal crealf creall csin csinf csinh csinhf csinhl csinl csqrt csqrtf csqrtl ctan ctanf ctanh ctanhf ctanhl ctanl div double_t erf erfc erfcf erfcl erff erfl exp exp2 exp2f exp2l expf expl expm1 expm1f expm1l fabs fabsf fabsl fdim feclearexcept fegetenv fegetexceptflag fegetround feholdexcept feraiseexcept fesetenv fesetexceptflag fesetround fetestexcept feupdateenv FE_ALL_EXCEPT FE_DFL_ENV FE_DIVBYZERO FE_DOWNWARD FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UNDERFLOW FE_UPWARD Floating-point environment float_t floor floorf floorl fma fmaf fmal fmax fmaxf fmaxl fmin fminf fminl fmod fmodf fmodl fpclassify FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO frexp frexpf frexpl HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALF HUGE_VALL hypot hypotf hypotl I ilogb ilogbf ilogbl imaginary imaxabs imaxdiv INFINITY isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal isunordered labs ldexp ldexpf ldexpl ldiv lgamma lgammaf lgammal llabs lldiv llrint llrintf llrintl llround llroundf llroundl log log10 log10f log10l log1p log1pf log1pl log2 log2f log2l logb logbf logbl logf logl lrint lrintf lrintl lround lroundf lroundl MATH_ERREXCEPT math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO modf modff modfl nan NAN nanf nanl nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl Numerics pow powf powl Pseudo-random number generation rand RAND_MAX remainder remainderf remainderl remquo remquof remquol rint rintf rintl round roundf roundl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl scalbn scalbnf scalbnl signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sinhl sinl sqrt sqrtf sqrtl srand tan tanf tanh tanhf tanhl tanl tgamma tgammaf tgammal trunc truncf truncl Type-generic math _Complex_I _Imaginary_I Program support abort atexit at_quick_exit exit EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS getenv getenv_s jmp_buf longjmp Program support utilities quick_exit raise setjmp SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGILL SIGINT signal SIGSEGV SIGTERM sig_atomic_t SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN system _Exit Strings atof atoi atol atoll btowc c16rtomb c32rtomb char16_t char32_t isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper iswalnum iswalpha iswblank iswcntrl iswctype iswdigit iswgraph iswlower iswprint iswpunct iswspace iswupper iswxdigit isxdigit mblen mbrlen mbrtoc16 mbrtoc32 mbrtowc mbsinit mbsrtowcs mbsrtowcs_s mbstate_t mbstowcs mbstowcs_s mbtowc memchr memcmp memcpy memcpy_s memmove memmove_s memset memset_s Null-terminated byte strings Null-terminated multibyte strings Null-terminated wide strings strcat strcat_s strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcpy_s strcspn strerror strerrorlen_s strerror_s Strings library strlen strncat Thread support call_once cnd_broadcast cnd_destroy cnd_init cnd_signal cnd_timedwait cnd_wait mtx_destroy mtx_init mtx_lock mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed mtx_timedlock mtx_trylock mtx_unlock once_flag ONCE_FLAG_INIT thrd_busy thrd_create thrd_current thrd_detach thrd_equal thrd_error thrd_exit thrd_join thrd_nomem thrd_sleep thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_yield Thread support library thread_local tss_create tss_delete TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS tss_get tss_set Type support Boolean type support library Fixed width integer types FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_ROUNDS max_align_t NULL Numeric limits offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t Type support Variadic functions Variadic functions va_arg va_copy va_end va_list va_start
characters

在頭文件<wchar.h>中定義



int wprintf（const wchar_t * format，...）;

（自C95以來）（直到C99）


int wprintf（const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C99以來）


int fwprintf（FILE * stream，const wchar_t * format，...）;

（自C95以來）（直到C99）


int fwprintf（FILE * restrict stream，const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C99以來）


int swprintf（wchar_t * buffer，size_t bufsz，const wchar_t * format，...）;

（自C95以來）（直到C99）


int swprintf（wchar_t * restrict buffer，size_t bufsz，const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C99以來）


int wprintf_s（const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C11以來）


int fwprintf_s（FILE * restrict stream，const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C11以來）


int swprintf_s（wchar_t * restrict buffer，rsize_t bufsz，const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C11以來）


int snwprintf_s（wchar_t * restrict s，rsize_t n，const wchar_t * restrict format，...）;

（自C11以來）


從給定的位置加載數(shù)據(jù)，將它們轉(zhuǎn)換為寬字符串等值并將結(jié)果寫入各種接收器。

1）將結(jié)果寫入stdout。

2）將結(jié)果寫入文件流stream。

3）如果bufsz大于零，則將結(jié)果寫入寬字符串buffer。最bufsz-1寬字符后面跟著空寬字符。如果bufsz為零，則不會(huì)寫入任何內(nèi)容（并且buffer可能是空指針），但返回值（將寫入的寬字符數(shù)）仍然會(huì)計(jì)算并返回。

4-6）與（1-3）相同，但在運(yùn)行時(shí)檢測(cè)到以下錯(cuò)誤并調(diào)用當(dāng)前安裝的約束處理函數(shù)：

  • 轉(zhuǎn)換說明符%n存在于format

  • 任何對(duì)應(yīng)的參數(shù)%s都是空指針

  • format或者buffer是空指針

  • bufsz 是零或大于 RSIZE_MAX/sizeof(wchar_t)

  • 編碼錯(cuò)誤出現(xiàn)在任何字符串和字符轉(zhuǎn)換說明符中

  • （僅限于swprintf_s）要寫入的寬字符數(shù)（包括null）將超過bufsz。

7）與（6）相同，只是它會(huì)截?cái)嘟Y(jié)果以適應(yīng)s所指向的數(shù)組。由于所有的邊界檢查功能，wprintf_s，wfprintf_s，和wsprintf_s僅保證可供如果__STDC_LIB_EXT1__由實(shí)現(xiàn)所定義，并且如果用戶定義__STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__的整數(shù)常數(shù)1，包括之前<stdio.h>。

參數(shù)

流

-

輸出文件流寫入




































































































































緩沖

-

指向要寫入的寬字符字符串的指針




































































































































bufsz

-

最多可以寫入bufsz-1寬字符，加上空終止符




































































































































格式

-

pointer to a null-terminated wide string specifying how to interpret the data. The format string consists of ordinary wide characters (except %), which are copied unchanged into the output stream, and conversion specifications. Each conversion specification has the following format:   introductory % character   (optional) one or more flags that modify the behavior of the conversion:    -: the result of the conversion is left-justified within the field (by default it is right-justified)   +: the sign of signed conversions is always prepended to the result of the conversion (by default the result is preceded by minus only when it is negative)   space: if the result of a signed conversion does not start with a sign character, or is empty, space is prepended to the result. It is ignored if + flag is present.   # : alternative form of the conversion is performed. See the table below for exact effects otherwise the behavior is undefined.   0 : for integer and floating point number conversions, leading zeros are used to pad the field instead of space characters. For integer numbers it is ignored if the precision is explicitly specified. For other conversions using this flag results in undefined behavior. It is ignored if - flag is present.    (optional) integer value or * that specifies minimum field width. The result is padded with space characters (by default), if required, on the left when right-justified, or on the right if left-justified. In the case when * is used, the width is specified by an additional argument of type int. If the value of the argument is negative, it results with the - flag specified and positive field width. (Note: This is the minimum width: The value is never truncated.)    (optional) . followed by integer number or *, or neither that specifies precision of the conversion. In the case when * is used, the precision is specified by an additional argument of type int. If the value of this argument is negative, it is ignored. If neither a number nor * is used, the precision is taken as zero. See the table below for exact effects of precision.   (optional) length modifier that specifies the size of the argument   conversion format specifier           The following format specifiers are available:    Conversion specifier   Explanation   Argument type     length modifier   hh (C99).   h   (none)   l   ll (C99).   j (C99).   z (C99).   t (C99).   L     %   writes literal %. The full conversion specification must be %%.   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     c    writes a single character.  The argument is first converted to wchar_t as if by calling btowc. If the l modifier is used, the wint_t argument is first converted to wchar_t.   N/A   N/A   int   wint_t   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     s    writes a character string  The argument must be a pointer to the initial element of a character array containing a multibyte character sequence beginning in the initial shift state, which is converted to wide character array as if by a call to mbrtowc with zero-initialized conversion state. Precision specifies the maximum number of wide characters to be written. If Precision is not specified, writes every wide characters up to and not including the first null terminator. If the l specifier is used, the argument must be a pointer to the initial element of an array of wchar_t.   N/A   N/A   char*   wchar_t*   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     d i   converts a signed integer into decimal representation -dddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters.   signed char   short   int   long   long long   intmax_t   signed size_t    ptrdiff_t   N/A     o   converts a unsigned integer into octal representation oooo.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters. In the alternative implementation precision is increased if necessary, to write one leading zero. In that case if both the converted value and the precision are 0, single 0 is written.   unsigned char   unsigned short   unsigned int   unsigned long   unsigned long long   uintmax_t   size_t   unsigned version of ptrdiff_t    N/A     x X   converts an unsigned integer into hexadecimal representation hhhh.  For the x conversion letters abcdef are used. For the X conversion letters ABCDEF are used. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters. In the alternative implementation 0x or 0X is prefixed to results if the converted value is nonzero.   N/A     u   converts an unsigned integer into decimal representation dddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters.   N/A     f F   converts floating-point number to the decimal notation in the style -ddd.ddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is 6. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.   N/A   N/A   double    double (C99)    N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   long double     e  E   converts floating-point number to the decimal exponent notation.  For the e conversion style -d.ddde±dd is used. For the E conversion style -d.dddE±dd is used. The exponent contains at least two digits, more digits are used only if necessary. If the value is 0, the exponent is also 0. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is 6. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     a  A (C99).   converts floating-point number to the hexadecimal exponent notation.  For the a conversion style -0xh.hhhp±d is used. For the A conversion style -0Xh.hhhP±d is used. The first hexadecimal digit is 0 if the argument is not a normalized floating point value. If the value is 0, the exponent is also 0. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is sufficient for exact representation of the value. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     g  G   converts floating-point number to decimal or decimal exponent notation depending on the value and the precision.  For the g conversion style conversion with style e or f will be performed. For the G conversion style conversion with style E or F will be performed. Let P equal the precision if nonzero, 6 if the precision is not specified, or 1 if the precision is 0. Then, if a conversion with style E would have an exponent of X:   if P > X ≥ ?4, the conversion is with style f or F and precision P ? 1 ? X.   otherwise, the conversion is with style e or E and precision P ? 1.   Unless alternative representation is requested the trailing zeros are removed, also the decimal point character is removed if no fractional part is left. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     n   returns the number of characters written so far by this call to the function.  The result is written to the value pointed to by the argument. The specification may not contain any flag, field width, or precision.   signed char*   short*   int*   long*   long long*   intmax_t*   signed size_t*    ptrdiff_t*   N/A     p   writes an implementation defined character sequence defining a pointer.   N/A   N/A   void*   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A    The floating point conversion functions convert infinity to inf or infinity. Which one is used is implementation defined. Not-a-number is converted to nan or nan(char_sequence). Which one is used is implementation defined. The conversions F, E, G, A output INF, INFINITY, NAN instead. Even though %c expects int argument, it is safe to pass a char because of the integer promotion that takes place when a variadic function is called. The correct conversion specifications for the fixed-width character types (int8_t, etc) are defined in the header <inttypes.h> (although PRIdMAX, PRIuMAX, etc is synonymous with %jd, %ju, etc). The memory-writing conversion specifier %n is a common target of security exploits where format strings depend on user input and is not supported by the bounds-checked printf_s family of functions. There is a sequence point after the action of each conversion specifier; this permits storing multiple %n results in the same variable or, as an edge case, printing a string modified by an earlier %n within the same call. If a conversion specification is invalid, the behavior is undefined.

Conversion specifier

Explanation

Argument type

length modifier

hh (C99).

h

(none)

l

ll (C99).

j (C99).

z (C99).

t (C99).

L

%

writes literal %. The full conversion specification must be %%.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

c

writes a single character.  The argument is first converted to wchar_t as if by calling btowc. If the l modifier is used, the wint_t argument is first converted to wchar_t.

N/A

N/A

int

wint_t

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

s

writes a character string  The argument must be a pointer to the initial element of a character array containing a multibyte character sequence beginning in the initial shift state, which is converted to wide character array as if by a call to mbrtowc with zero-initialized conversion state. Precision specifies the maximum number of wide characters to be written. If Precision is not specified, writes every wide characters up to and not including the first null terminator. If the l specifier is used, the argument must be a pointer to the initial element of an array of wchar_t.

N/A

N/A

char*

wchar_t*

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

d i

converts a signed integer into decimal representation -dddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters.

signed char

short

int

long

long long

intmax_t

signed size_t

ptrdiff_t

N/A

o

converts a unsigned integer into octal representation oooo.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters. In the alternative implementation precision is increased if necessary, to write one leading zero. In that case if both the converted value and the precision are 0, single 0 is written.

unsigned char

unsigned short

unsigned int

unsigned long

unsigned long long

uintmax_t

size_t

unsigned version of ptrdiff_t

N/A

x X

converts an unsigned integer into hexadecimal representation hhhh.  For the x conversion letters abcdef are used. For the X conversion letters ABCDEF are used. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters. In the alternative implementation 0x or 0X is prefixed to results if the converted value is nonzero.

N/A

u

converts an unsigned integer into decimal representation dddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters.

N/A

f F

converts floating-point number to the decimal notation in the style -ddd.ddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is 6. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.

N/A

N/A

double

double (C99)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

long double

e  E

converts floating-point number to the decimal exponent notation.  For the e conversion style -d.ddde±dd is used. For the E conversion style -d.dddE±dd is used. The exponent contains at least two digits, more digits are used only if necessary. If the value is 0, the exponent is also 0. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is 6. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

a  A (C99).

converts floating-point number to the hexadecimal exponent notation.  For the a conversion style -0xh.hhhp±d is used. For the A conversion style -0Xh.hhhP±d is used. The first hexadecimal digit is 0 if the argument is not a normalized floating point value. If the value is 0, the exponent is also 0. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is sufficient for exact representation of the value. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

g  G

converts floating-point number to decimal or decimal exponent notation depending on the value and the precision.  For the g conversion style conversion with style e or f will be performed. For the G conversion style conversion with style E or F will be performed. Let P equal the precision if nonzero, 6 if the precision is not specified, or 1 if the precision is 0. Then, if a conversion with style E would have an exponent of X:   if P > X ≥ ?4, the conversion is with style f or F and precision P ? 1 ? X.   otherwise, the conversion is with style e or E and precision P ? 1.   Unless alternative representation is requested the trailing zeros are removed, also the decimal point character is removed if no fractional part is left. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

n

returns the number of characters written so far by this call to the function.  The result is written to the value pointed to by the argument. The specification may not contain any flag, field width, or precision.

signed char*

short*

int*

long*

long long*

intmax_t*

signed size_t*

ptrdiff_t*

N/A

p

writes an implementation defined character sequence defining a pointer.

N/A

N/A

void*

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Conversion specifier

Explanation

Argument type




































































































































length modifier

hh (C99).

h

(none)

l

ll (C99).

j (C99).

z (C99).

t (C99).

L





























































































































%

writes literal %. The full conversion specification must be %%.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A




























































































































c

writes a single character.  The argument is first converted to wchar_t as if by calling btowc. If the l modifier is used, the wint_t argument is first converted to wchar_t.

N/A

N/A

int

wint_t

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A




























































































































s

writes a character string  The argument must be a pointer to the initial element of a character array containing a multibyte character sequence beginning in the initial shift state, which is converted to wide character array as if by a call to mbrtowc with zero-initialized conversion state. Precision specifies the maximum number of wide characters to be written. If Precision is not specified, writes every wide characters up to and not including the first null terminator. If the l specifier is used, the argument must be a pointer to the initial element of an array of wchar_t.

N/A

N/A

char*

wchar_t*

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A




























































































































d i

converts a signed integer into decimal representation -dddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters.

signed char

short

int

long

long long

intmax_t

signed size_t

ptrdiff_t

N/A




























































































































o

converts a unsigned integer into octal representation oooo.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters. In the alternative implementation precision is increased if necessary, to write one leading zero. In that case if both the converted value and the precision are 0, single 0 is written.

unsigned char

unsigned short

unsigned int

unsigned long

unsigned long long

uintmax_t

size_t

unsigned version of ptrdiff_t

N/A




























































































































x X

converts an unsigned integer into hexadecimal representation hhhh.  For the x conversion letters abcdef are used. For the X conversion letters ABCDEF are used. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters. In the alternative implementation 0x or 0X is prefixed to results if the converted value is nonzero.

N/A




































































































































u

converts an unsigned integer into decimal representation dddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear. The default precision is 1. If both the converted value and the precision are 0 the conversion results in no characters.

N/A




































































































































f F

converts floating-point number to the decimal notation in the style -ddd.ddd.  Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is 6. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.

N/A

N/A

double

double (C99)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

long double




























































































































e  E

converts floating-point number to the decimal exponent notation.  For the e conversion style -d.ddde±dd is used. For the E conversion style -d.dddE±dd is used. The exponent contains at least two digits, more digits are used only if necessary. If the value is 0, the exponent is also 0. Precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear after the decimal point character. The default precision is 6. In the alternative implementation decimal point character is written even if no digits follow it. For infinity and not-a-number conversion style see notes.

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A































































































































a  A (C99).

將浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十六進(jìn)制指數(shù)表示法。對(duì)于轉(zhuǎn)換類型，使用-0xh.hhhp±d。對(duì)于A轉(zhuǎn)換樣式，使用-0Xh.hhhP±d。如果參數(shù)不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的浮點(diǎn)值，則第一個(gè)十六進(jìn)制數(shù)字為0。如果該值為0，則指數(shù)也為0。精度指定小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)精度足以精確表示值。在替代實(shí)現(xiàn)中，即使沒有數(shù)字跟隨它，也會(huì)寫入小數(shù)點(diǎn)字符。對(duì)于無窮大和非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)格，請(qǐng)參閱注釋。

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A































































































































g G

根據(jù)值和精度將浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十進(jìn)制或十進(jìn)制指數(shù)符號(hào)。對(duì)于使用樣式e或f的g轉(zhuǎn)換樣式轉(zhuǎn)換將被執(zhí)行。對(duì)于G轉(zhuǎn)換樣式，將使用樣式E或F進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。假設(shè)P等于非零的精度，如果未指定精度，則等于6;如果精度為0，則等于1。然后，如果具有樣式E的轉(zhuǎn)換將具有X的指數(shù)：如果P> X≥-4，則轉(zhuǎn)換具有樣式f或F和精度P-1-X。否則，轉(zhuǎn)換具有樣式e或E以及精度P  -  1.除非要求替代表示，否則尾隨零將被刪除，如果沒有剩余小數(shù)部分，小數(shù)點(diǎn)字符也會(huì)被刪除。對(duì)于無窮大和非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)格，請(qǐng)參閱注釋。

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A































































































































?

將此調(diào)用到目前為止寫入的字符數(shù)返回給該函數(shù)。結(jié)果寫入?yún)?shù)指向的值。規(guī)范可能不包含任何標(biāo)志，字段寬度或精度。

簽名字符*

短*

INT *

long*

很長(zhǎng)*

*將intmax_t

簽名size_t *

ptrdiff_t的*

N / A




























































































































p

寫一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)定義的字符序列來定義一個(gè)指針。

N / A

N / A

無效*

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A

N / A




























































































































...

-

指定要打印的數(shù)據(jù)的參數(shù)




































































































































  • 介紹%人物

  • （可選）一個(gè)或多個(gè)修改轉(zhuǎn)換行為的標(biāo)志：

    • -：轉(zhuǎn)換的結(jié)果在字段內(nèi)左對(duì)齊（默認(rèn)情況下它是右對(duì)齊的）

    • +：帶符號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換的符號(hào)總是預(yù)設(shè)為轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果的前綴（默認(rèn)情況下結(jié)果前面為減號(hào)，僅當(dāng)它為負(fù)值時(shí)）

    • 空格：如果簽名轉(zhuǎn)換的結(jié)果不是以符號(hào)字符開頭，或者是空的，則空格會(huì)預(yù)設(shè)為結(jié)果。如果+存在標(biāo)志，則忽略它。

    • #：執(zhí)行轉(zhuǎn)換的替代形式。請(qǐng)參閱下表以了解確切的效果，否則行為未定義。

    • 0：對(duì)于整數(shù)和浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換，前導(dǎo)零用于填充字段而不是空格字符。對(duì)于整數(shù)，如果明確指定了精度，它將被忽略。對(duì)于使用此標(biāo)志的其他轉(zhuǎn)換會(huì)導(dǎo)致未定義的行為。如果-存在標(biāo)志，則忽略它。

  • （可選）整數(shù)值或*指定最小字段寬度。如果需要，結(jié)果會(huì)填充空格字符（默認(rèn)情況下），右側(cè)對(duì)齊時(shí)填充空白字符，左側(cè)填充右側(cè)填充。在使用的情況下*，寬度由類型的附加參數(shù)指定int。如果參數(shù)的值是負(fù)數(shù)，則結(jié)果是-指定的標(biāo)志和正的字段寬度。（注意：這是最小寬度：該值從不被截?cái)?。?/p>

    • （可選）.后面跟隨整數(shù)或者*或者既不指定轉(zhuǎn)換的精度。在使用的情況下*，精度由類型的附加參數(shù)指定int。如果這個(gè)參數(shù)的值是負(fù)數(shù)，它將被忽略。如果既不使用數(shù)字也不*使用，則精度取為零。請(qǐng)參閱下表以了解精確度的確切影響。

    • （可選）長(zhǎng)度修飾符，用于指定參數(shù)的大小

    • 轉(zhuǎn)換格式說明符

以下格式說明符可用：

Conversion

說明符說明參數(shù)類型長(zhǎng)度修飾符    hh（C99）。

h   (none)   l   ll (C99).

j (C99).

z (C99).

t (C99).

L %   寫文字%。完整的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)范必須是%%。N / AN / AN / AN / AN / AN / AN / AN / AN / A      c    寫入單個(gè)字符。參數(shù)首先被轉(zhuǎn)換wchar_t為仿佛通過調(diào)用btowc。如果使用l修飾符，wint_t則首先將參數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為wchar_t。

N/A   N/A   int

wint_t

N / AN / AN / AN / AN / A      s    寫入字符串參數(shù)必須是一個(gè)指向字符數(shù)組初始元素的指針，該字符數(shù)組包含一個(gè)多字節(jié)字符序列，從初始移位狀態(tài)開始，轉(zhuǎn)換為寬字符數(shù)組，如同通過調(diào)用mbrtowc具有零初始化轉(zhuǎn)換狀態(tài)。Precision指定要寫入的最大寬字符數(shù)。如果未指定Precision，則將每個(gè)寬字符寫入并不包括第一個(gè)空終止符。如果使用l說明符，參數(shù)必須是指向數(shù)組的初始元素的指針wchar_t。

N/A   N/A   char*

wchar_t*

N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     d

i   將有符號(hào)的整數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十進(jìn)制表示形式-dddd。  精度指定出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)的精度是1。

如果轉(zhuǎn)換后的值和精度都是0沒有字符的轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果。

signed char

short

int

long

long long

intmax_t

signed size_t

ptrdiff_t

N / A      o   將無符號(hào)整數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為八進(jìn)制表示oooo。  精度指定出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)的精度是1。如果轉(zhuǎn)換后的值和精度都是0沒有字符的轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果。在替代實(shí)現(xiàn)中，如果需要，可以增加精度以寫入一個(gè)前導(dǎo)零。在這種情況下，如果轉(zhuǎn)換值和精度都是0，0寫入單個(gè)。

unsigned char

unsigned short

unsigned int

unsigned long

unsigned long long

uintmax_t

size_t

未簽名的版本 ptrdiff_t

N/A     x

X   將無符號(hào)整數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十六進(jìn)制表示hhhh。使用x轉(zhuǎn)換字母abcdef。

使用X轉(zhuǎn)換字母ABCDEF。

精度指定出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)的精度是1。如果轉(zhuǎn)換后的值和精度都是0沒有字符的轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果。在替代實(shí)現(xiàn)中， 0x或者0X如果轉(zhuǎn)換后的值不為零，則將其作為結(jié)果的前綴。

N / A      u   將無符號(hào)整數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十進(jìn)制表示形式dddd。  精度指定出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)的精度是1。如果轉(zhuǎn)換后的值和精度都是0沒有字符的轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果。

N/A     f

F   將浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為樣式-ddd.ddd中的小數(shù)表示法。  精度指定小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)的精度是6。在替代實(shí)現(xiàn)中，即使沒有數(shù)字跟隨，小數(shù)點(diǎn)字符也會(huì)被寫入。對(duì)于無窮大和非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)格，請(qǐng)參閱注釋。

N/A   N/A   double

`double` (C99)

N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   long double

 `e`

E   將浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十進(jìn)制指數(shù)符號(hào)。對(duì)于e轉(zhuǎn)換樣式，使用-d.ddd e±dd。

對(duì)于E轉(zhuǎn)換樣式，使用-d.ddd E±dd。

指數(shù)至少包含兩位數(shù)字，只有在必要時(shí)才使用更多數(shù)字。如果值是0，指數(shù)也是0。精度指定小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)的精度是6。在替代實(shí)現(xiàn)中，即使沒有數(shù)字跟隨，小數(shù)點(diǎn)字符也會(huì)被寫入。對(duì)于無窮大和非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)格，請(qǐng)參閱注釋。

N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     a

A (C99).

將浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十六進(jìn)制指數(shù)表示法。對(duì)于a轉(zhuǎn)換樣式- 使用0xh.hhh p±d。

對(duì)于A轉(zhuǎn)換樣式- 使用0Xh.hhh P±d。

0如果參數(shù)不是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的浮點(diǎn)值，則第一個(gè)十六進(jìn)制數(shù)字是。如果值是0，指數(shù)也是0。精度指定小數(shù)點(diǎn)后面出現(xiàn)的最小位數(shù)。默認(rèn)精度足以精確表示值。在替代實(shí)現(xiàn)中，即使沒有數(shù)字跟隨，小數(shù)點(diǎn)字符也會(huì)被寫入。對(duì)于無窮大和非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)格，請(qǐng)參閱注釋。

N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A     g

G根據(jù)值和精度    將浮點(diǎn)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換為十進(jìn)制或十進(jìn)制指數(shù)符號(hào)。對(duì)于風(fēng)格轉(zhuǎn)換的轉(zhuǎn)換與風(fēng)格或?qū)⒈粓?zhí)行。gef

對(duì)于G風(fēng)格轉(zhuǎn)換的轉(zhuǎn)換與風(fēng)格E或F將被執(zhí)行。

讓P等于精度如果非零，6如果沒有指定精度，或者1如果精度是0。然后，如果具有樣式的轉(zhuǎn)換E將具有以下指數(shù)X：

  • 如果P> X≥-4，轉(zhuǎn)換是用式f或F和精度P - 1 - X。

  • 否則，轉(zhuǎn)換采用樣式e或E精度P  -  1。

除非請(qǐng)求替代表示，否則尾隨零將被刪除，如果沒有剩余小數(shù)部分，小數(shù)點(diǎn)字符也會(huì)被刪除。對(duì)于無窮大和非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換風(fēng)格，請(qǐng)參閱注釋。

不適用/不適用/不適用/不適用/      n   返回此函數(shù)迄今為止寫入的字符數(shù)。結(jié)果寫入參數(shù)指向的值。規(guī)范可能不包含任何標(biāo)志，字段寬度或精度。

signed char*

short*

int*

long*

long long*

intmax_t*

signed size_t*

ptrdiff_t*

N / A      p   寫入一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)定義的字符序列來定義一個(gè)指針。不適用不適用不適用不適用不適用不適用    void*   浮點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換函數(shù)將無窮大轉(zhuǎn)換為inf或infinity。使用哪一個(gè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)定義的。

非數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換為nan或。使用哪一個(gè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)定義的。nan(char_sequence)

該轉(zhuǎn)換F，E，G，A輸出INF，INFINITY，NAN來代替。

即使%c需要int參數(shù)，通過char調(diào)用可變參數(shù)函數(shù)時(shí)發(fā)生的整數(shù)提升也是安全的。

對(duì)于固定寬度的字符類型（正確的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)格int8_t<inttypes.h>還（雖然，等等）都在頭定義PRIdMAX，PRIuMAX等是同義詞%jd，%ju等）。

內(nèi)存寫入轉(zhuǎn)換說明符%n是安全漏洞的常見目標(biāo)，其中格式字符串取決于用戶輸入，并且不受邊界檢查printf_s函數(shù)族的支持。

每個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換說明符的操作之后都有一個(gè)序列點(diǎn); 這允許將多個(gè)%n結(jié)果存儲(chǔ)在相同的變量中，或者作為邊緣情況，%n在同一個(gè)調(diào)用中打印由較早修改的字符串。

如果轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)范無效，則行為未定義。

 ...   -   arguments specifying data to print

返回值

1,2）如果發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，則成功寫入寬字符數(shù)或?qū)懭胴?fù)值。

3）如果編碼錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生或者如果要生成的字符數(shù)等于或大于size（包括當(dāng)size為零時(shí)），則寫入的寬字符的數(shù)目（不包括終止空寬字符）如果成功或負(fù)值。

4,5）如果發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，則成功寫入寬字符數(shù)或?qū)懭胴?fù)值。

6）寫入的寬字符數(shù)（不包括終止空值）buffer。返回編碼錯(cuò)誤和溢出時(shí)的負(fù)值。對(duì)所有其他錯(cuò)誤返回零。

7）的，將已經(jīng)寫入寬字符（不包括終止空）數(shù)量buffer已經(jīng)bufsz如果發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤，已經(jīng)足夠大時(shí)，或?yàn)樨?fù)值。（也就是說，只有當(dāng)回報(bào)是非負(fù)的且小于時(shí)，寫才能成功并且完成bufsz）

注意

雖然窄字符串提供snprintf了可以確定所需的輸出緩沖區(qū)大小的可能性，但對(duì)于寬字符串沒有等效（直到C11的snwprintf_s），并且為了確定緩沖區(qū)大小，程序可能需要調(diào)用swprintf，檢查結(jié)果值，并重新分配一個(gè)更大的緩沖區(qū)，再次嘗試直到成功。

snwprintf_s不同swprintf_s，將截?cái)嘟Y(jié)果以適應(yīng)指向的數(shù)組buffer，即使截?cái)啾淮蠖鄶?shù)邊界檢查函數(shù)視為錯(cuò)誤。

例

#include <locale.h>#include <wchar.h>
 int main(void){
    char narrow_str[] = "z\u00df\u6c34\U0001f34c";                    // or "z?水?"                    // or "\x7a\xc3\x9f\xe6\xb0\xb4\xf0\x9f\x8d\x8c";
    wchar_t warr[29]; // the expected string is 28 characters plus 1 null terminator    setlocale(LC_ALL, "en_US.utf8");    swprintf(warr, sizeof warr/sizeof *warr,
              L"Converted from UTF-8: '%s'", narrow_str);    wprintf(L"%ls\n", warr);}

輸出：

Converted from UTF-8: 'z?水?'

參考

  • C11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（ISO / IEC 9899：2011）：

    • 7.29.2.1 fwprintf函數(shù)（p：403-410）

    • 7.29.2.3 swprintf函數(shù)（p：416）

    • 7.29.2.11 wprintf函數(shù)（p：421）

    • K.3.9.1.1 fwprintf_s函數(shù)（p：628）

    • K.3.9.1.4 swprintf_s函數(shù)（p：630-631）

    • K.3.9.1.13 wprintf_s函數(shù)（p：637-638）

  • C99標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（ISO / IEC 9899：1999）：

    • 7.24.2.1 fwprintf函數(shù)（p：349-356）

    • 7.24.2.3 swprintf函數(shù)（p：362）

    • 7.24.2.11 wprintf函數(shù)（p：366）

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