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目錄 搜尋
Algorithms Algorithms(算法) bsearch bsearch_s qsort qsort_s Atomic operations Atomic operations library(原子操作庫(kù)) ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREE atomic_compare_exchange_strong atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit atomic_compare_exchange_weak atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit atomic_exchange atomic_exchange_explicit atomic_fetch_add atomic_fetch_add_explicit atomic_fetch_and atomic_fetch_and_explicit atomic_fetch_or atomic_fetch_or_explicit atomic_fetch_sub atomic_fetch_sub_explicit atomic_fetch_xor atomic_fetch_xor_explicit atomic_flag atomic_flag_clear atomic_flag_clear_explicit ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT atomic_flag_test_and_set atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit atomic_init atomic_is_lock_free atomic_load atomic_load_explicit atomic_signal_fence atomic_store atomic_store_explicit atomic_thread_fence(線(xiàn)程圍欄) ATOMIC_VAR_INIT kill_dependency memory_order(內(nèi)存排序) C keywords auto(自動(dòng)存儲(chǔ)) break(跳出循環(huán)) C keywords(關(guān)鍵詞) case char const(常量修飾符) continue default(預(yù)設(shè)運(yùn)算式) do double(雙精度浮點(diǎn)型) else enum(枚舉類(lèi)型) extern(全局變量) float(浮點(diǎn)數(shù)) for fortran goto(goto語(yǔ)句) if(if語(yǔ)句) inline(行內(nèi)函式) int long(長(zhǎng)整型) register(寄存器變量) restrict( restrict類(lèi)型限定符) return short signed sizeof(sizeof運(yùn)算符) static(靜態(tài)變量) struct(結(jié)構(gòu)體) switch(switch語(yǔ)句) typedef(typedef關(guān)鍵字) union(聯(lián)合體) unsigned(無(wú)符號(hào)) void(空類(lèi)型) volatile(volatile變量) while(while語(yǔ)句) _Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic _Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local C language #define directive #elif directive #else directive #endif directive #error directive #if directive #ifdef directive #ifndef directive #include directive #line directive #pragma directive alignas(對(duì)齊指定符) Alternative operators and tokens(替代運(yùn)算符和令牌) Analyzability Arithmetic operators Arithmetic types Array declaration(數(shù)組聲明) Array initialization(陣列初始化) ASCII Chart Assignment operators(賦值運(yùn)算符) types(atomic類(lèi)型限定符) Basic concepts Bit fields(位域) break statement C language C Operator Precedence cast operator character constant(字符字面量) Comments(注釋符) Comparison operators(比較運(yùn)算符) compound literals(符合字面量) Conditional inclusion(條件包含) Conformance(一致性) const type qualifier(const 限定符) Constant expressions(常量表達(dá)) continue statement Declarations(聲明) do-while loop Enumerations(枚舉類(lèi)型) Escape sequences(轉(zhuǎn)義字符) Expressions(表達(dá)式) External and tentative definitions(外部和暫定的定義) File scope(文件范圍) floating constant(浮點(diǎn)常量) for loop Function declarations(函數(shù)聲明) Function definitions(函數(shù)聲明) Functions Generic selection泛型選擇 goto statement Identifier(標(biāo)示符) if statement Implicit conversions(隱式轉(zhuǎn)換) Increment/decrement operators(前置/后置操作符) Initialization(初始化) inline function specifier(內(nèi)聯(lián)函式) integer constant Lifetime(生命期) Logical operators(邏輯運(yùn)算符) Lookup and name spaces Main function(主函式) Member access operators(會(huì)員接入運(yùn)營(yíng)商) Memory model Objects and alignment(字節(jié)對(duì)齊) Order of evaluation(評(píng)估順序) Other operators Phases of translation(翻譯階段) Pointer declaration Preprocessor(預(yù)處理) restrict type qualifier(restrict類(lèi)型限定符) return statement Scalar initialization(標(biāo)量類(lèi)型初始化) Scope(范圍) sizeof operator(sizeof運(yùn)算符) Statements(陳述) static assert declaration(靜態(tài)斷言聲明) Static storage duration(靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)周期) Storage-class specifiers(存儲(chǔ)類(lèi)說(shuō)明符) string literals(字符串字面量) Struct and union initialization(結(jié)構(gòu)體與聯(lián)合體初始化) Struct declaration(結(jié)構(gòu)體聲明) switch statement Thread storage duration(線(xiàn)程存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間) Type Type(類(lèi)型) Typedef declaration(Typedef聲明) Undefined behavior(未定義行為) Union declaration(聯(lián)合體聲明) Value categories(值類(lèi)別) Variadic arguments(變長(zhǎng)參數(shù)宏) volatile type qualifier(volatile 類(lèi)型限定符) while loop _Alignof operator _Noreturn function specifier Date and time asctime(asctime函數(shù)) asctime_s clock CLOCKS_PER_SEC clock_t ctime(ctime函數(shù)) ctime_s Date and time utilities(日期和時(shí)間庫(kù)) difftime(計(jì)算兩個(gè)時(shí)間的間隔) gmtime gmtime_s localtime localtime_s mktime(將時(shí)間結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成經(jīng)過(guò)的秒數(shù)的函數(shù)) strftime(格式化輸出時(shí)間函數(shù)) time timespec timespec_get time_t tm wcsftime(格式化時(shí)間寬字符) Dynamic memory management aligned_alloc C memory management library(內(nèi)存管理庫(kù)) calloc free(釋放動(dòng)態(tài)分配空間的函數(shù)) malloc(動(dòng)態(tài)分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) realloc(重新分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) Error handling abort_handler_s assert(斷言) constraint_handler_t errno(錯(cuò)誤報(bào)告) Error handling(錯(cuò)誤處理) Error numbers(錯(cuò)誤個(gè)數(shù)) ignore_handler_s set_constraint_handler_s static_assert File input/output clearerr(清除/復(fù)位) fclose feof ferror fflush(清空文件緩沖區(qū)) fgetc fgetpos fgets fgetwc fgetws File input/output fopen fopen_s fprintf fprintf_s fputc fputs fputwc fputws fread freopen freopen_s fscanf fscanf_s fseek fsetpos ftell fwide fwprintf fwprintf_s fwrite fwscanf fwscanf_s getc getchar gets gets_s getwchar perror printf printf_s putc putchar puts putwc putwchar remove rename rewind scanf scanf_s setbuf setvbuf snprintf sprintf sscanf sscanf_s swprintf swprintf_s swscanf swscanf_s tmpfile tmpfile_s tmpnam tmpnam_s ungetc ungetwc vfprintf vfprintf_s vfscanf vfscanf_s vfwprintf vfwprintf_s vfwscanf vfwscanf_s vprintf vprintf_s vscanf vscanf_s vsnprintf vsprintf vsscanf vsscanf_s vswprintf vswprintf_s vswscanf vswscanf_s vwprintf vwprintf_s vwscanf vwscanf_s wprintf wprintf_s wscanf wscanf_s Localization support lconv LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME localeconv Localization support setlocale Numerics abs acos acosf acosh acoshf acoshl acosl asin asinf asinh asinhf asinhl asinl atan atan2 atan2f atan2l atanf atanh atanhf atanhl atanl cabs cabsf cabsl cacos cacosf cacosh cacoshf cacoshl cacosl carg cargf cargl casin casinf casinh casinhf casinhl casinl catan catanf catanh catanhf catanhl catanl cbrt cbrtf cbrtl ccos ccosf ccosh ccoshf ccoshl ccosl ceil ceilf ceill cexp cexpf cexpl cimag cimagf cimagl clog clogf clogl CMPLX CMPLXF CMPLXL Common mathematical functions complex Complex number arithmetic conj conjf conjl copysign copysignf copysignl cos cosf cosh coshf coshl cosl cpow cpowf cpowl cproj cprojf cprojl creal crealf creall csin csinf csinh csinhf csinhl csinl csqrt csqrtf csqrtl ctan ctanf ctanh ctanhf ctanhl ctanl div double_t erf erfc erfcf erfcl erff erfl exp exp2 exp2f exp2l expf expl expm1 expm1f expm1l fabs fabsf fabsl fdim feclearexcept fegetenv fegetexceptflag fegetround feholdexcept feraiseexcept fesetenv fesetexceptflag fesetround fetestexcept feupdateenv FE_ALL_EXCEPT FE_DFL_ENV FE_DIVBYZERO FE_DOWNWARD FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UNDERFLOW FE_UPWARD Floating-point environment float_t floor floorf floorl fma fmaf fmal fmax fmaxf fmaxl fmin fminf fminl fmod fmodf fmodl fpclassify FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO frexp frexpf frexpl HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALF HUGE_VALL hypot hypotf hypotl I ilogb ilogbf ilogbl imaginary imaxabs imaxdiv INFINITY isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal isunordered labs ldexp ldexpf ldexpl ldiv lgamma lgammaf lgammal llabs lldiv llrint llrintf llrintl llround llroundf llroundl log log10 log10f log10l log1p log1pf log1pl log2 log2f log2l logb logbf logbl logf logl lrint lrintf lrintl lround lroundf lroundl MATH_ERREXCEPT math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO modf modff modfl nan NAN nanf nanl nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl Numerics pow powf powl Pseudo-random number generation rand RAND_MAX remainder remainderf remainderl remquo remquof remquol rint rintf rintl round roundf roundl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl scalbn scalbnf scalbnl signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sinhl sinl sqrt sqrtf sqrtl srand tan tanf tanh tanhf tanhl tanl tgamma tgammaf tgammal trunc truncf truncl Type-generic math _Complex_I _Imaginary_I Program support abort atexit at_quick_exit exit EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS getenv getenv_s jmp_buf longjmp Program support utilities quick_exit raise setjmp SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGILL SIGINT signal SIGSEGV SIGTERM sig_atomic_t SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN system _Exit Strings atof atoi atol atoll btowc c16rtomb c32rtomb char16_t char32_t isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper iswalnum iswalpha iswblank iswcntrl iswctype iswdigit iswgraph iswlower iswprint iswpunct iswspace iswupper iswxdigit isxdigit mblen mbrlen mbrtoc16 mbrtoc32 mbrtowc mbsinit mbsrtowcs mbsrtowcs_s mbstate_t mbstowcs mbstowcs_s mbtowc memchr memcmp memcpy memcpy_s memmove memmove_s memset memset_s Null-terminated byte strings Null-terminated multibyte strings Null-terminated wide strings strcat strcat_s strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcpy_s strcspn strerror strerrorlen_s strerror_s Strings library strlen strncat Thread support call_once cnd_broadcast cnd_destroy cnd_init cnd_signal cnd_timedwait cnd_wait mtx_destroy mtx_init mtx_lock mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed mtx_timedlock mtx_trylock mtx_unlock once_flag ONCE_FLAG_INIT thrd_busy thrd_create thrd_current thrd_detach thrd_equal thrd_error thrd_exit thrd_join thrd_nomem thrd_sleep thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_yield Thread support library thread_local tss_create tss_delete TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS tss_get tss_set Type support Boolean type support library Fixed width integer types FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_ROUNDS max_align_t NULL Numeric limits offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t Type support Variadic functions Variadic functions va_arg va_copy va_end va_list va_start
文字

表達(dá)式是一系列運(yùn)算符及其操作數(shù),用于指定計(jì)算。

表達(dá)式評(píng)估可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)結(jié)果(例如,2+2產(chǎn)生結(jié)果的評(píng)估4),可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生副作用(例如,printf("%d",4)將字符發(fā)送'4'到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出流的評(píng)估),并可能指定對(duì)象或函數(shù)。

通常

  • 值類(lèi)別(左值,非左值對(duì)象,函數(shù)指示符)通過(guò)它們的值對(duì)表達(dá)式進(jìn)行分類(lèi)

  • 參數(shù)和子表達(dá)式的評(píng)估順序指定了獲得中間結(jié)果的順序

操作符

| Common operators |

|:----|

| assignment | incrementdecrement | arithmetic | logical | comparison | memberaccess | other |

| a = b a += b a -= b a *= b a /= b a %= b a &= b a |= b a ^= b a <<= b a >>= b. | ++a --a a++ a-- | +a -a a + b a - b a * b a / b a % b ~a a & b a | b a ^ b a << b a >> b. | !a a && b a || b. | a == b a != b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b. | ab *a &a a->b a.b. | a(...) a, b (type) a ? : sizeof _Alignof (since C11). |

  • 運(yùn)算符優(yōu)先級(jí)定義了運(yùn)算符綁定到它們的參數(shù)的順序

  • 備選表述是一些運(yùn)營(yíng)商的備選拼寫(xiě)

轉(zhuǎn)換

  • 隱式轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生在操作數(shù)的類(lèi)型與操作符的期望不匹配時(shí)

  • 強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換可用于將值從一種類(lèi)型顯式轉(zhuǎn)換為另一種類(lèi)型。

Other

  • 可以在編譯時(shí)計(jì)算常量表達(dá)式并在編譯時(shí)上下文中使用(非 VLA 數(shù)組大小,靜態(tài)初始化器等)

  • 通用選擇可以根據(jù)參數(shù)的類(lèi)型執(zhí)行不同的表達(dá)式

  • 浮點(diǎn)表達(dá)式可能會(huì)引發(fā)異常并報(bào)告 math_errhandling 中指定的錯(cuò)誤

  • 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編譯指示FENV_ACCESSFP_CONTRACTCX_LIMITED_RANGE以及浮點(diǎn)評(píng)價(jià)精度和舍入方向控制浮點(diǎn)表達(dá)式的執(zhí)行方式。

主要表達(dá)式

任何操作符的操作數(shù)可能是其他表達(dá)式,或者它們可能是主要表達(dá)式(例如,在1+2*3,操作符的操作數(shù)是子表達(dá)式2*3和主表達(dá)式1)。

主要表達(dá)式有以下幾種:

1)常量和文字(例如2"Hello, world"

2)適當(dāng)?shù)芈暶鞯臉?biāo)識(shí)符(例如nprintf

3)通用選擇

括號(hào)中的任何表達(dá)式也被分類(lèi)為主要表達(dá)式:這保證括號(hào)的優(yōu)先級(jí)高于任何運(yùn)算符。

常量和文字

某些類(lèi)型的常量值可以使用稱(chēng)為文字(用于左值表達(dá)式)和常量(用于非左值表達(dá)式)的專(zhuān)用表達(dá)式嵌入C程序的源代碼中。

  • 整數(shù)常量是整數(shù)類(lèi)型的十進(jìn)制,八進(jìn)制或十六進(jìn)制數(shù)字。

  • 字符常數(shù)是int類(lèi)型的單個(gè)字符適于轉(zhuǎn)換為字符類(lèi)型或類(lèi)型char16_t,char32_t(因?yàn)镃11)或wchar_t

  • 浮動(dòng)常數(shù)類(lèi)型的值floatdoublelong double

  • 字符串文字的類(lèi)型的字符序列char[]char16_t[],char32_t[],或wchar_t[]表示空終止字符串

  • 復(fù)合文字是直接嵌入程序代碼中的結(jié)構(gòu)體,聯(lián)合體或數(shù)組類(lèi)型的值

未評(píng)估的表達(dá)式

sizeof 運(yùn)算符的操作數(shù),_Alignof 運(yùn)算符和一般選擇的控制表達(dá)式(自C11以來(lái))是不被評(píng)估的表達(dá)式(除非它們是 VLA)(自C99以來(lái))。因此,size_t n = sizeof(printf("%d", 4));不執(zhí)行控制臺(tái)輸出。

參考

  • C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

    • 6.5 Expressions (p: 76-105)

    • 6.6 Constant expressions (p: 106-107)

  • C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

    • 6.5 Expressions (p: 67-94)

    • 6.6 Constant expressions (p: 95-96)

  • C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

    • 3.3 EXPRESSIONS

    • 3.4 CONSTANT EXPRESSIONS

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