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目錄 搜尋
Algorithms Algorithms(算法) bsearch bsearch_s qsort qsort_s Atomic operations Atomic operations library(原子操作庫) ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREE atomic_compare_exchange_strong atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit atomic_compare_exchange_weak atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit atomic_exchange atomic_exchange_explicit atomic_fetch_add atomic_fetch_add_explicit atomic_fetch_and atomic_fetch_and_explicit atomic_fetch_or atomic_fetch_or_explicit atomic_fetch_sub atomic_fetch_sub_explicit atomic_fetch_xor atomic_fetch_xor_explicit atomic_flag atomic_flag_clear atomic_flag_clear_explicit ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT atomic_flag_test_and_set atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit atomic_init atomic_is_lock_free atomic_load atomic_load_explicit atomic_signal_fence atomic_store atomic_store_explicit atomic_thread_fence(線程圍欄) ATOMIC_VAR_INIT kill_dependency memory_order(內(nèi)存排序) C keywords auto(自動存儲) break(跳出循環(huán)) C keywords(關鍵詞) case char const(常量修飾符) continue default(預設運算式) do double(雙精度浮點型) else enum(枚舉類型) extern(全局變量) float(浮點數(shù)) for fortran goto(goto語句) if(if語句) inline(行內(nèi)函式) int long(長整型) register(寄存器變量) restrict( restrict類型限定符) return short signed sizeof(sizeof運算符) static(靜態(tài)變量) struct(結(jié)構(gòu)體) switch(switch語句) typedef(typedef關鍵字) union(聯(lián)合體) unsigned(無符號) void(空類型) volatile(volatile變量) while(while語句) _Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic _Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local C language #define directive #elif directive #else directive #endif directive #error directive #if directive #ifdef directive #ifndef directive #include directive #line directive #pragma directive alignas(對齊指定符) Alternative operators and tokens(替代運算符和令牌) Analyzability Arithmetic operators Arithmetic types Array declaration(數(shù)組聲明) Array initialization(陣列初始化) ASCII Chart Assignment operators(賦值運算符) types(atomic類型限定符) Basic concepts Bit fields(位域) break statement C language C Operator Precedence cast operator character constant(字符字面量) Comments(注釋符) Comparison operators(比較運算符) compound literals(符合字面量) Conditional inclusion(條件包含) Conformance(一致性) const type qualifier(const 限定符) Constant expressions(常量表達) continue statement Declarations(聲明) do-while loop Enumerations(枚舉類型) Escape sequences(轉(zhuǎn)義字符) Expressions(表達式) External and tentative definitions(外部和暫定的定義) File scope(文件范圍) floating constant(浮點常量) for loop Function declarations(函數(shù)聲明) Function definitions(函數(shù)聲明) Functions Generic selection泛型選擇 goto statement Identifier(標示符) if statement Implicit conversions(隱式轉(zhuǎn)換) Increment/decrement operators(前置/后置操作符) Initialization(初始化) inline function specifier(內(nèi)聯(lián)函式) integer constant Lifetime(生命期) Logical operators(邏輯運算符) Lookup and name spaces Main function(主函式) Member access operators(會員接入運營商) Memory model Objects and alignment(字節(jié)對齊) Order of evaluation(評估順序) Other operators Phases of translation(翻譯階段) Pointer declaration Preprocessor(預處理) restrict type qualifier(restrict類型限定符) return statement Scalar initialization(標量類型初始化) Scope(范圍) sizeof operator(sizeof運算符) Statements(陳述) static assert declaration(靜態(tài)斷言聲明) Static storage duration(靜態(tài)存儲周期) Storage-class specifiers(存儲類說明符) string literals(字符串字面量) Struct and union initialization(結(jié)構(gòu)體與聯(lián)合體初始化) Struct declaration(結(jié)構(gòu)體聲明) switch statement Thread storage duration(線程存儲時間) Type Type(類型) Typedef declaration(Typedef聲明) Undefined behavior(未定義行為) Union declaration(聯(lián)合體聲明) Value categories(值類別) Variadic arguments(變長參數(shù)宏) volatile type qualifier(volatile 類型限定符) while loop _Alignof operator _Noreturn function specifier Date and time asctime(asctime函數(shù)) asctime_s clock CLOCKS_PER_SEC clock_t ctime(ctime函數(shù)) ctime_s Date and time utilities(日期和時間庫) difftime(計算兩個時間的間隔) gmtime gmtime_s localtime localtime_s mktime(將時間結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成經(jīng)過的秒數(shù)的函數(shù)) strftime(格式化輸出時間函數(shù)) time timespec timespec_get time_t tm wcsftime(格式化時間寬字符) Dynamic memory management aligned_alloc C memory management library(內(nèi)存管理庫) calloc free(釋放動態(tài)分配空間的函數(shù)) malloc(動態(tài)分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) realloc(重新分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) Error handling abort_handler_s assert(斷言) constraint_handler_t errno(錯誤報告) Error handling(錯誤處理) Error numbers(錯誤個數(shù)) ignore_handler_s set_constraint_handler_s static_assert File input/output clearerr(清除/復位) fclose feof ferror fflush(清空文件緩沖區(qū)) fgetc fgetpos fgets fgetwc fgetws File input/output fopen fopen_s fprintf fprintf_s fputc fputs fputwc fputws fread freopen freopen_s fscanf fscanf_s fseek fsetpos ftell fwide fwprintf fwprintf_s fwrite fwscanf fwscanf_s getc getchar gets gets_s getwchar perror printf printf_s putc putchar puts putwc putwchar remove rename rewind scanf scanf_s setbuf setvbuf snprintf sprintf sscanf sscanf_s swprintf swprintf_s swscanf swscanf_s tmpfile tmpfile_s tmpnam tmpnam_s ungetc ungetwc vfprintf vfprintf_s vfscanf vfscanf_s vfwprintf vfwprintf_s vfwscanf vfwscanf_s vprintf vprintf_s vscanf vscanf_s vsnprintf vsprintf vsscanf vsscanf_s vswprintf vswprintf_s vswscanf vswscanf_s vwprintf vwprintf_s vwscanf vwscanf_s wprintf wprintf_s wscanf wscanf_s Localization support lconv LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME localeconv Localization support setlocale Numerics abs acos acosf acosh acoshf acoshl acosl asin asinf asinh asinhf asinhl asinl atan atan2 atan2f atan2l atanf atanh atanhf atanhl atanl cabs cabsf cabsl cacos cacosf cacosh cacoshf cacoshl cacosl carg cargf cargl casin casinf casinh casinhf casinhl casinl catan catanf catanh catanhf catanhl catanl cbrt cbrtf cbrtl ccos ccosf ccosh ccoshf ccoshl ccosl ceil ceilf ceill cexp cexpf cexpl cimag cimagf cimagl clog clogf clogl CMPLX CMPLXF CMPLXL Common mathematical functions complex Complex number arithmetic conj conjf conjl copysign copysignf copysignl cos cosf cosh coshf coshl cosl cpow cpowf cpowl cproj cprojf cprojl creal crealf creall csin csinf csinh csinhf csinhl csinl csqrt csqrtf csqrtl ctan ctanf ctanh ctanhf ctanhl ctanl div double_t erf erfc erfcf erfcl erff erfl exp exp2 exp2f exp2l expf expl expm1 expm1f expm1l fabs fabsf fabsl fdim feclearexcept fegetenv fegetexceptflag fegetround feholdexcept feraiseexcept fesetenv fesetexceptflag fesetround fetestexcept feupdateenv FE_ALL_EXCEPT FE_DFL_ENV FE_DIVBYZERO FE_DOWNWARD FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UNDERFLOW FE_UPWARD Floating-point environment float_t floor floorf floorl fma fmaf fmal fmax fmaxf fmaxl fmin fminf fminl fmod fmodf fmodl fpclassify FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO frexp frexpf frexpl HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALF HUGE_VALL hypot hypotf hypotl I ilogb ilogbf ilogbl imaginary imaxabs imaxdiv INFINITY isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal isunordered labs ldexp ldexpf ldexpl ldiv lgamma lgammaf lgammal llabs lldiv llrint llrintf llrintl llround llroundf llroundl log log10 log10f log10l log1p log1pf log1pl log2 log2f log2l logb logbf logbl logf logl lrint lrintf lrintl lround lroundf lroundl MATH_ERREXCEPT math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO modf modff modfl nan NAN nanf nanl nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl Numerics pow powf powl Pseudo-random number generation rand RAND_MAX remainder remainderf remainderl remquo remquof remquol rint rintf rintl round roundf roundl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl scalbn scalbnf scalbnl signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sinhl sinl sqrt sqrtf sqrtl srand tan tanf tanh tanhf tanhl tanl tgamma tgammaf tgammal trunc truncf truncl Type-generic math _Complex_I _Imaginary_I Program support abort atexit at_quick_exit exit EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS getenv getenv_s jmp_buf longjmp Program support utilities quick_exit raise setjmp SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGILL SIGINT signal SIGSEGV SIGTERM sig_atomic_t SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN system _Exit Strings atof atoi atol atoll btowc c16rtomb c32rtomb char16_t char32_t isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper iswalnum iswalpha iswblank iswcntrl iswctype iswdigit iswgraph iswlower iswprint iswpunct iswspace iswupper iswxdigit isxdigit mblen mbrlen mbrtoc16 mbrtoc32 mbrtowc mbsinit mbsrtowcs mbsrtowcs_s mbstate_t mbstowcs mbstowcs_s mbtowc memchr memcmp memcpy memcpy_s memmove memmove_s memset memset_s Null-terminated byte strings Null-terminated multibyte strings Null-terminated wide strings strcat strcat_s strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcpy_s strcspn strerror strerrorlen_s strerror_s Strings library strlen strncat Thread support call_once cnd_broadcast cnd_destroy cnd_init cnd_signal cnd_timedwait cnd_wait mtx_destroy mtx_init mtx_lock mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed mtx_timedlock mtx_trylock mtx_unlock once_flag ONCE_FLAG_INIT thrd_busy thrd_create thrd_current thrd_detach thrd_equal thrd_error thrd_exit thrd_join thrd_nomem thrd_sleep thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_yield Thread support library thread_local tss_create tss_delete TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS tss_get tss_set Type support Boolean type support library Fixed width integer types FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_ROUNDS max_align_t NULL Numeric limits offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t Type support Variadic functions Variadic functions va_arg va_copy va_end va_list va_start
文字

預處理器支持文本宏替換和類似功能的文本宏替換。

句法

#define identifier replacement-list(optional)

(1)


#define identifier( parameters ) replacement-list

(2)


#define identifier( parameters, ... ) replacement-list

(3)

(since C99)

#define identifier( ... ) replacement-list

(4)

(since C99)

#undef  identifier

(5)


說明

#define 指令

#define指令定義的標識符作為一個宏,即它們指示編譯器替換替換列表標識符的所有連續(xù)出現(xiàn),其可以額外地任選地進行處理。如果標識符已經(jīng)被定義為任何類型的宏,那么該程序是格式不正確的,除非定義相同。

類似于對象的宏

類似于對象的宏將每個定義的標識符替換為替換列表。#define指令的版本(1)的行為完全如此。

函數(shù)式的宏

類似功能的宏將替換列表中的每個出現(xiàn)的已定義標識符替換為另外的一些參數(shù),然后替換替換列表中任何參數(shù)的相應出現(xiàn)。

函數(shù)式宏調(diào)用的語法類似于函數(shù)調(diào)用的語法:宏名稱的每個實例后跟一個(作為下一個預處理標記引入由替換列表替換的標記序列)序列由匹配)令牌終止,跳過中間匹配的左右括號對。

參數(shù)的數(shù)量必須與宏定義(參數(shù))中參數(shù)的數(shù)量相同或程序不合格。如果標識符不是功能符號,也就是說本身沒有括號,它根本不會被替換。

#define指令的版本(2)定義了一個簡單的函數(shù)式宏。

#define指令的版本(3)定義了一個具有可變數(shù)量參數(shù)的函數(shù)式宏??梢允褂?code>__VA_ARGS__標識符訪問附加參數(shù),然后使用標識符來替換標識符,然后使用標識符替換它們。

#define指令的版本(4)定義了一個類似函數(shù)的宏,其中包含可變數(shù)量的參數(shù),但沒有常規(guī)參數(shù)。只能使用__VA_ARGS__標識符訪問參數(shù),然后使用標識符替換標識符,并將標識符替換。

注意:如果類似函數(shù)的宏的參數(shù)包含未被左右括號(如macro(array[x = y, x + 1]))的匹配對保護的逗號,則逗號將被解釋為宏參數(shù)分隔符,導致由于參數(shù)計數(shù)不匹配導致的編譯失敗。

# and ## operators

在函數(shù)式宏中,#替換列表中的標識符之前的運算符通過參數(shù)替換運行標識符,并將結(jié)果封裝在引號中,從而有效地創(chuàng)建字符串文字。另外,預處理器會添加反斜杠以避免嵌入的字符串文字(如果有的話)引用,并在必要時將字符串中的反斜杠加倍。所有前導空白和尾隨空白都被刪除,并且文本中間的任何空白序列(但不在嵌入的字符串文字內(nèi))被折疊為單個空格。這個操作被稱為“串化”。如果字符串化的結(jié)果不是有效的字符串,則行為是未定義的。

當#在__VA_ARGS__之前出現(xiàn)時,整個展開的__VA_ARGS__用引號引起來:#define showlist(...)puts(#__ VA_ARGS__)showlist(); //展開為puts(“”)showlist(1,“x”,int); //展開為puts(“1,\”x \“,int”)

(自C99以來)

##在替換列表中的任何兩個連續(xù)標識符之間的運算符運行兩個標識符上的參數(shù)替換,然后連接結(jié)果。這個操作被稱為“連接”或“令牌粘貼”。只有形成一個有效令牌的令牌可以被粘貼:形成一個更長的標識符的標識符,形成一個數(shù)字的數(shù)字,或運算符,+=形成一個+=。評論不能通過粘貼來創(chuàng)建,/并且*因為在考慮宏替換之前從文本中刪除評論。如果連接的結(jié)果不是有效的標記,則行為是未定義的。

注意:有些編譯器提供了一個允許##出現(xiàn)在逗號之后和__VA_ARGS__之前的擴展,在這種情況下,當__VA_ARGS__非空時,##什么也不做,但當__VA_ARGS__為空時刪除逗號:這使得可以定義宏等fprintf (stderr, format, ##__VA_ARGS__)。

#undef directive

#undef指令取消定義標識符,即它通過#define指令取消標識符的先前定義。如果標識符沒有關聯(lián)的宏,則該指令被忽略。

預定義的宏

任何翻譯單元中都預先定義了以下宏名稱:

__STDC__

expands to the integer constant 1. This macro is intended to indicate a conforming implementation  (macro constant)

__STDC_VERSION__ (C95)

expands to an integer constant of type long whose value increases with each version of the C standard:   199409L (C95)   199901L (C99)   201112L (C11)  (macro constant)

__STDC_HOSTED__ (C99)

expands to the integer constant 1 if the implementation is hosted (runs under an OS), 0 if freestanding (runs without an OS)  (macro constant)

__FILE__

expands to the name of the current file, as a character string literal, can be changed by the #line directive  (macro constant)

__LINE__

expands to the source file line number, an integer constant, can be changed by the #line directive  (macro constant)

__DATE__

expands to the date of translation, a character string literal of the form "Mmm dd yyyy". The name of the month is as if generated by asctime and the first character of "dd" is a space if the day of the month is less than 10  (macro constant)

__TIME__

expands to the time of translation, a character string literal of the form "hh:mm:ss", as in the time generated by asctime()  (macro constant)

  • 199409L (C95)

  • 199901L (C99)

  • 201112L (C11) (macro constant)

 \_\_STDC\_HOSTED\_\_

(C99)

1如果實施托管(在 OS 下運行),0則   擴展為整數(shù)常量,如果是獨立的(無 OS 的情況下運行)

(macro constant)     __FILE__

擴展為當前文件的名稱,作為字符串文字,可以通過#line 指令進行更改

(macro constant)     __LINE__

展開為源文件行號,一個整數(shù)常量,可以通過#line 指令進行更改

(macro constant)     __DATE__

擴展到翻譯日期,形式為 “Mmm dd yyyy” 的字符串文字。月份的名稱如同生成的一樣,如果asctime月份的日期小于10,則“dd”的第一個字符是空格

(macro constant)     __TIME__

擴展到翻譯時,形式為 “hh:mm:ss” 形式的字符串文字,如在 asctime()

(macro constant)

以下附加宏名稱可能由實現(xiàn)預定義:

__STDC_ISO_10646__ (C99)

expands to an integer constant of the form yyyymmL, if wchar_t uses Unicode, the date indicates the latest revision of Unicode supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_IEC_559__ (C99)

expands to 1 if IEC 60559 is supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_IEC_559_COMPLEX__ (C99)

expands to 1 if IEC 60559 complex arithmetic is supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_UTF_16__ (C11)

expands to 1 if char16_t use UTF-16 encoding  (macro constant)

__STDC_UTF_32__ (C11)

expands to 1 if char32_t use UTF-32 encoding  (macro constant)

__STDC_MB_MIGHT_NEQ_WC__ (C99)

expands to 1 if wide character encoding of the basic character set may not equal their narrow encoding, such as on EBCDIC-based systems that use Unicode for wchar_t  (macro constant)

__STDC_ANALYZABLE__ (C11)

expands to 1 if analyzability is supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_LIB_EXT1__ (C11)

expands to an integer constant 201112L if bounds-checking interfaces are supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_NO_ATOMICS__ (C11)

expands to 1 if atomic types and atomic operations library are not supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_NO_COMPLEX__ (C11)

expands to 1 if complex types and complex math library are not supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_NO_THREADS__ (C11)

expands to 1 if multithreading is not supported  (macro constant)

__STDC_NO_VLA__ (C11)

expands to 1 if variable-length arrays are not supported  (macro constant)

這些宏的值(除了__FILE____LINE__)在整個翻譯單元中保持不變。嘗試重新定義或取消定義這些宏會導致未定義的行為。

預定義變量__func__(詳見函數(shù)定義)不是預處理器宏,即使它有時與__FILE__和__LINE__一起使用,例如通過 assert。

(自C99以來)

#include <stdio.h> //make function factory and use it#define FUNCTION(name, a) int fun_##name(int x) { return (a)*x;} FUNCTION(quadruple, 4)FUNCTION(double, 2)
 #undef FUNCTION
#define FUNCTION 34#define OUTPUT(a) puts( #a )
 int main(void){    printf("quadruple(13): %d\n", fun_quadruple(13) );    printf("double(21): %d\n", fun_double(21) );    printf("%d\n", FUNCTION);    OUTPUT(million);               //note the lack of quotes}

輸出:

quadruple(13): 52double(21): 4234million

參考

  • C11標準(ISO / IEC 9899:2011):

    • 6.10.3宏替換(p:166-173)

    • 6.10.8預定義的宏名稱(p:175-176)

  • C99標準(ISO / IEC 9899:1999):

    • 6.10.3宏替換(p:151-158)

    • 6.10.8預定義的宏名稱(p:160-161)

  • C89 / C90 標準(ISO / IEC 9899:1990):

    • 3.8.3宏替換

    • 3.8.8預定義的宏名稱

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