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What is CGI? A detailed introduction to Python CGI programming
What is CGI
CGI is currently maintained by NCSA. NCSA defines CGI as follows:
CGI (Common Gateway Interface), common gateway Interface, which is a program that runs on a server such as an HTTP server, provides an interface with the client's HTML page.
Web browsing
In order to better understand how CGI works, we can start with the process of clicking a link or URL on a web page:
1. Use your The browser accesses the URL and connects to the HTTP web server.
2. After receiving the request information, the web server will parse the URL and check whether the accessed file exists on the server. If the file exists, it will return the content of the file, otherwise it will return an error message.
3. The browser receives information from the server and displays the received file or error message.
CGI programs can be Python scripts, PERL scripts, SHELL scripts, C or C++ programs, etc.
CGI Architecture Diagram
Web server support and configuration
Before you perform CGI programming, make sure that your Web server supports CGI and The CGI handler has been configured.
Apache supports CGI configuration:
Set the CGI directory:
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/cgi-bin/
All HTTP server execution CGI programs are saved in a pre-configured directory. This directory is called the CGI directory, and by convention, it is named /var/www/cgi-bin.
The extension of CGI files is .cgi, and python can also use the .py extension.
By default, Linux The cgi-bin directory where the server is configured to run is /var/www.
If you want to specify other directories for running CGI scripts, you can modify the httpd.conf configuration file as follows:
<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin"> AllowOverride None Options +ExecCGI Order allow,deny Allow from all</Directory>
Add the .py suffix in AddHandler so that we can access it. Python script file ending with py:
AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .pl .py
The first CGI program
We use Python to create the first CGI program. The file name is hello.py and the file is located in /var/www/cgi -bin directory, the content is as follows:
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-print "Content-type:text/html"print # 空行，告訴服務(wù)器結(jié)束頭部print '<html>'print '<head>'print '<meta charset="utf-8">'print '<title>Hello Word - 我的第一個(gè) CGI 程序！</title>'print '</head>'print '<body>'print '<h2>Hello Word! 我是來自菜鳥教程的第一CGI程序</h2>'print '</body>'print '</html>'
After saving the file, modify hello.py and modify the file permissions to 755:
chmod 755 hello.py
HTTP 字段名: 字段內(nèi)容For example:
Content-type: text/htmlThe following is a simple CGI script that outputs CGI environment variables:
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-# filename:test.pyimport osprint "Content-type: text/html"printprint "<meta charset=\"utf-8\">"print "<b>環(huán)境變量</b><br>";print "<ul>"for key in os.environ.keys(): print "<li><span style='color:green'>%30s </span> : %s </li>" % (key,os.environ[key])print "</ul>"GET and POST methodThe browser client transmits information to the server through two methods, the two methods are the GET method and the POST method.
使用GET方法傳輸數(shù)據(jù)
GET方法發(fā)送編碼后的用戶信息到服務(wù)端，數(shù)據(jù)信息包含在請(qǐng)求頁面的URL上，以"?"號(hào)分割, 如下所示：
www.test.com/cgi-bin/hello.py?key1=value1&key2=value2
有關(guān) GET 請(qǐng)求的其他一些注釋：
GET 請(qǐng)求可被緩存
GET 請(qǐng)求保留在瀏覽器歷史記錄中
GET 請(qǐng)求可被收藏為書簽
GET 請(qǐng)求不應(yīng)在處理敏感數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)使用
GET 請(qǐng)求有長(zhǎng)度限制
GET 請(qǐng)求只應(yīng)當(dāng)用于取回?cái)?shù)據(jù)
簡(jiǎn)單的url實(shí)例：GET方法
以下是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的URL，使用GET方法向hello_get.py程序發(fā)送兩個(gè)參數(shù)：
/cgi-bin/test.py?name=菜鳥教程&url=www.runoob.com
以下為hello_get.py文件的代碼：
#!/usr/bin/python# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-# filename：test.py# CGI處理模塊import cgi, cgitb # 創(chuàng)建 FieldStorage 的實(shí)例化form = cgi.FieldStorage() # 獲取數(shù)據(jù)site_name = form.getvalue('name')site_url = form.getvalue('url')print "Content-type:text/html"printprint "<html>"print "<head>"print "<meta charset=\"utf-8\">"print "<title>菜鳥教程 CGI 測(cè)試實(shí)例</title>"print "</head>"print "<body>"print "<h2>%s官網(wǎng)：%s</h2>" % (site_name, site_url)print "</body>"print "</html>"
文件保存后修改 hello_get.py，修改文件權(quán)限為 755：
chmod 755 hello_get.py
簡(jiǎn)單的表單實(shí)例：GET方法
以下是一個(gè)通過HTML的表單使用GET方法向服務(wù)器發(fā)送兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)，提交的服務(wù)器腳本同樣是hello_get.py文件，hello_get.html 代碼如下：
<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>菜鳥教程(runoob.com)</title></head><body> <form action="/cgi-bin/hello_get.py" method="get">站點(diǎn)名稱: <input type="text" name="name"> <br /> 站點(diǎn) URL: <input type="text" name="url" /><input type="submit" value="提交" /></form></body></html>
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1.?詳解cgi向文本或者數(shù)據(jù)庫寫入數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)例代碼
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