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Algorithms Algorithms(算法) bsearch bsearch_s qsort qsort_s Atomic operations Atomic operations library(原子操作庫(kù)) ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREE atomic_compare_exchange_strong atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit atomic_compare_exchange_weak atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit atomic_exchange atomic_exchange_explicit atomic_fetch_add atomic_fetch_add_explicit atomic_fetch_and atomic_fetch_and_explicit atomic_fetch_or atomic_fetch_or_explicit atomic_fetch_sub atomic_fetch_sub_explicit atomic_fetch_xor atomic_fetch_xor_explicit atomic_flag atomic_flag_clear atomic_flag_clear_explicit ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT atomic_flag_test_and_set atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit atomic_init atomic_is_lock_free atomic_load atomic_load_explicit atomic_signal_fence atomic_store atomic_store_explicit atomic_thread_fence(線程圍欄) ATOMIC_VAR_INIT kill_dependency memory_order(內(nèi)存排序) C keywords auto(自動(dòng)存儲(chǔ)) break(跳出循環(huán)) C keywords(關(guān)鍵詞) case char const(常量修飾符) continue default(預(yù)設(shè)運(yùn)算式) do double(雙精度浮點(diǎn)型) else enum(枚舉類型) extern(全局變量) float(浮點(diǎn)數(shù)) for fortran goto(goto語(yǔ)句) if(if語(yǔ)句) inline(行內(nèi)函式) int long(長(zhǎng)整型) register(寄存器變量) restrict( restrict類型限定符) return short signed sizeof(sizeof運(yùn)算符) static(靜態(tài)變量) struct(結(jié)構(gòu)體) switch(switch語(yǔ)句) typedef(typedef關(guān)鍵字) union(聯(lián)合體) unsigned(無(wú)符號(hào)) void(空類型) volatile(volatile變量) while(while語(yǔ)句) _Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic _Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local C language #define directive #elif directive #else directive #endif directive #error directive #if directive #ifdef directive #ifndef directive #include directive #line directive #pragma directive alignas(對(duì)齊指定符) Alternative operators and tokens(替代運(yùn)算符和令牌) Analyzability Arithmetic operators Arithmetic types Array declaration(數(shù)組聲明) Array initialization(陣列初始化) ASCII Chart Assignment operators(賦值運(yùn)算符) types(atomic類型限定符) Basic concepts Bit fields(位域) break statement C language C Operator Precedence cast operator character constant(字符字面量) Comments(注釋符) Comparison operators(比較運(yùn)算符) compound literals(符合字面量) Conditional inclusion(條件包含) Conformance(一致性) const type qualifier(const 限定符) Constant expressions(常量表達(dá)) continue statement Declarations(聲明) do-while loop Enumerations(枚舉類型) Escape sequences(轉(zhuǎn)義字符) Expressions(表達(dá)式) External and tentative definitions(外部和暫定的定義) File scope(文件范圍) floating constant(浮點(diǎn)常量) for loop Function declarations(函數(shù)聲明) Function definitions(函數(shù)聲明) Functions Generic selection泛型選擇 goto statement Identifier(標(biāo)示符) if statement Implicit conversions(隱式轉(zhuǎn)換) Increment/decrement operators(前置/后置操作符) Initialization(初始化) inline function specifier(內(nèi)聯(lián)函式) integer constant Lifetime(生命期) Logical operators(邏輯運(yùn)算符) Lookup and name spaces Main function(主函式) Member access operators(會(huì)員接入運(yùn)營(yíng)商) Memory model Objects and alignment(字節(jié)對(duì)齊) Order of evaluation(評(píng)估順序) Other operators Phases of translation(翻譯階段) Pointer declaration Preprocessor(預(yù)處理) restrict type qualifier(restrict類型限定符) return statement Scalar initialization(標(biāo)量類型初始化) Scope(范圍) sizeof operator(sizeof運(yùn)算符) Statements(陳述) static assert declaration(靜態(tài)斷言聲明) Static storage duration(靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)周期) Storage-class specifiers(存儲(chǔ)類說(shuō)明符) string literals(字符串字面量) Struct and union initialization(結(jié)構(gòu)體與聯(lián)合體初始化) Struct declaration(結(jié)構(gòu)體聲明) switch statement Thread storage duration(線程存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間) Type Type(類型) Typedef declaration(Typedef聲明) Undefined behavior(未定義行為) Union declaration(聯(lián)合體聲明) Value categories(值類別) Variadic arguments(變長(zhǎng)參數(shù)宏) volatile type qualifier(volatile 類型限定符) while loop _Alignof operator _Noreturn function specifier Date and time asctime(asctime函數(shù)) asctime_s clock CLOCKS_PER_SEC clock_t ctime(ctime函數(shù)) ctime_s Date and time utilities(日期和時(shí)間庫(kù)) difftime(計(jì)算兩個(gè)時(shí)間的間隔) gmtime gmtime_s localtime localtime_s mktime(將時(shí)間結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成經(jīng)過(guò)的秒數(shù)的函數(shù)) strftime(格式化輸出時(shí)間函數(shù)) time timespec timespec_get time_t tm wcsftime(格式化時(shí)間寬字符) Dynamic memory management aligned_alloc C memory management library(內(nèi)存管理庫(kù)) calloc free(釋放動(dòng)態(tài)分配空間的函數(shù)) malloc(動(dòng)態(tài)分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) realloc(重新分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) Error handling abort_handler_s assert(斷言) constraint_handler_t errno(錯(cuò)誤報(bào)告) Error handling(錯(cuò)誤處理) Error numbers(錯(cuò)誤個(gè)數(shù)) ignore_handler_s set_constraint_handler_s static_assert File input/output clearerr(清除/復(fù)位) fclose feof ferror fflush(清空文件緩沖區(qū)) fgetc fgetpos fgets fgetwc fgetws File input/output fopen fopen_s fprintf fprintf_s fputc fputs fputwc fputws fread freopen freopen_s fscanf fscanf_s fseek fsetpos ftell fwide fwprintf fwprintf_s fwrite fwscanf fwscanf_s getc getchar gets gets_s getwchar perror printf printf_s putc putchar puts putwc putwchar remove rename rewind scanf scanf_s setbuf setvbuf snprintf sprintf sscanf sscanf_s swprintf swprintf_s swscanf swscanf_s tmpfile tmpfile_s tmpnam tmpnam_s ungetc ungetwc vfprintf vfprintf_s vfscanf vfscanf_s vfwprintf vfwprintf_s vfwscanf vfwscanf_s vprintf vprintf_s vscanf vscanf_s vsnprintf vsprintf vsscanf vsscanf_s vswprintf vswprintf_s vswscanf vswscanf_s vwprintf vwprintf_s vwscanf vwscanf_s wprintf wprintf_s wscanf wscanf_s Localization support lconv LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME localeconv Localization support setlocale Numerics abs acos acosf acosh acoshf acoshl acosl asin asinf asinh asinhf asinhl asinl atan atan2 atan2f atan2l atanf atanh atanhf atanhl atanl cabs cabsf cabsl cacos cacosf cacosh cacoshf cacoshl cacosl carg cargf cargl casin casinf casinh casinhf casinhl casinl catan catanf catanh catanhf catanhl catanl cbrt cbrtf cbrtl ccos ccosf ccosh ccoshf ccoshl ccosl ceil ceilf ceill cexp cexpf cexpl cimag cimagf cimagl clog clogf clogl CMPLX CMPLXF CMPLXL Common mathematical functions complex Complex number arithmetic conj conjf conjl copysign copysignf copysignl cos cosf cosh coshf coshl cosl cpow cpowf cpowl cproj cprojf cprojl creal crealf creall csin csinf csinh csinhf csinhl csinl csqrt csqrtf csqrtl ctan ctanf ctanh ctanhf ctanhl ctanl div double_t erf erfc erfcf erfcl erff erfl exp exp2 exp2f exp2l expf expl expm1 expm1f expm1l fabs fabsf fabsl fdim feclearexcept fegetenv fegetexceptflag fegetround feholdexcept feraiseexcept fesetenv fesetexceptflag fesetround fetestexcept feupdateenv FE_ALL_EXCEPT FE_DFL_ENV FE_DIVBYZERO FE_DOWNWARD FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UNDERFLOW FE_UPWARD Floating-point environment float_t floor floorf floorl fma fmaf fmal fmax fmaxf fmaxl fmin fminf fminl fmod fmodf fmodl fpclassify FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO frexp frexpf frexpl HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALF HUGE_VALL hypot hypotf hypotl I ilogb ilogbf ilogbl imaginary imaxabs imaxdiv INFINITY isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal isunordered labs ldexp ldexpf ldexpl ldiv lgamma lgammaf lgammal llabs lldiv llrint llrintf llrintl llround llroundf llroundl log log10 log10f log10l log1p log1pf log1pl log2 log2f log2l logb logbf logbl logf logl lrint lrintf lrintl lround lroundf lroundl MATH_ERREXCEPT math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO modf modff modfl nan NAN nanf nanl nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl Numerics pow powf powl Pseudo-random number generation rand RAND_MAX remainder remainderf remainderl remquo remquof remquol rint rintf rintl round roundf roundl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl scalbn scalbnf scalbnl signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sinhl sinl sqrt sqrtf sqrtl srand tan tanf tanh tanhf tanhl tanl tgamma tgammaf tgammal trunc truncf truncl Type-generic math _Complex_I _Imaginary_I Program support abort atexit at_quick_exit exit EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS getenv getenv_s jmp_buf longjmp Program support utilities quick_exit raise setjmp SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGILL SIGINT signal SIGSEGV SIGTERM sig_atomic_t SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN system _Exit Strings atof atoi atol atoll btowc c16rtomb c32rtomb char16_t char32_t isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper iswalnum iswalpha iswblank iswcntrl iswctype iswdigit iswgraph iswlower iswprint iswpunct iswspace iswupper iswxdigit isxdigit mblen mbrlen mbrtoc16 mbrtoc32 mbrtowc mbsinit mbsrtowcs mbsrtowcs_s mbstate_t mbstowcs mbstowcs_s mbtowc memchr memcmp memcpy memcpy_s memmove memmove_s memset memset_s Null-terminated byte strings Null-terminated multibyte strings Null-terminated wide strings strcat strcat_s strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcpy_s strcspn strerror strerrorlen_s strerror_s Strings library strlen strncat Thread support call_once cnd_broadcast cnd_destroy cnd_init cnd_signal cnd_timedwait cnd_wait mtx_destroy mtx_init mtx_lock mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed mtx_timedlock mtx_trylock mtx_unlock once_flag ONCE_FLAG_INIT thrd_busy thrd_create thrd_current thrd_detach thrd_equal thrd_error thrd_exit thrd_join thrd_nomem thrd_sleep thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_yield Thread support library thread_local tss_create tss_delete TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS tss_get tss_set Type support Boolean type support library Fixed width integer types FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_ROUNDS max_align_t NULL Numeric limits offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t Type support Variadic functions Variadic functions va_arg va_copy va_end va_list va_start
テキスト

當(dāng)在C程序中遇到標(biāo)識(shí)符時(shí),執(zhí)行查找以找到引入該標(biāo)識(shí)符的聲明,該聲明當(dāng)前處于范圍內(nèi)。如果這些標(biāo)識(shí)符屬于不同的類別(稱為名稱空間),那么C允許同一標(biāo)識(shí)符的多個(gè)聲明同時(shí)處于同一范圍內(nèi):

1)標(biāo)簽名稱空間:將所有標(biāo)識(shí)符聲明為標(biāo)簽。

2)標(biāo)簽名稱:聲明為結(jié)構(gòu)名稱,聯(lián)合和枚舉類型的所有標(biāo)識(shí)符。請(qǐng)注意,所有三種標(biāo)簽共享一個(gè)名稱空間。

3)成員名稱:聲明為任何一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)或聯(lián)合的成員的所有標(biāo)識(shí)符。每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)和聯(lián)合都引入了它自己的這種名稱空間。

4)所有其他標(biāo)識(shí)符,稱為普通標(biāo)識(shí)符以區(qū)分(1-3)(函數(shù)名稱,對(duì)象名稱,typedef名稱,枚舉常量)。

在查找時(shí),標(biāo)識(shí)符的名稱空間由其使用方式?jīng)Q定:

1)在標(biāo)簽名稱空間中查找作為goto語(yǔ)句的操作數(shù)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)識(shí)符。

2)隨后的關(guān)鍵字標(biāo)識(shí)符struct,unionenum在標(biāo)簽名稱空間中查找。

3)通過(guò)指針操作符訪問(wèn)成員訪問(wèn)或成員訪問(wèn)之后的標(biāo)識(shí)符在由成員訪問(wèn)操作符的左操作數(shù)確定的類型的成員的名稱空間中查找。

4)在普通標(biāo)識(shí)符的名稱空間中查找所有其他標(biāo)識(shí)符。

筆記

宏的名稱不是任何名稱空間的一部分,因?yàn)樗鼈冊(cè)谡Z(yǔ)義分析之前被預(yù)處理器替換。

通常的做法是使用typedef聲明將struct / union / enum名稱注入普通標(biāo)識(shí)符的名稱空間中:

struct A { };       // introduces the name A in tag name spacetypedef struct A A; // first, lookup for A after "struct" finds one in tag name space                    // then introduces the name A in the ordinary name spacestruct A* p;        // OK, this A is looked up in the tag name spaceA* q;               // OK, this A is looked up in the ordinary name space

跨兩個(gè)名稱空間使用相同標(biāo)識(shí)符的著名示例是statPOSIX標(biāo)頭中的標(biāo)識(shí)符sys/stat.h。它用作普通標(biāo)識(shí)符時(shí)指定一個(gè)函數(shù),并在用作標(biāo)記時(shí)指示一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體。

與C ++不同,枚舉常量不是結(jié)構(gòu)成員,它們的名稱空間是普通標(biāo)識(shí)符的名稱空間,并且由于C中沒(méi)有結(jié)構(gòu)作用域,因此它們的作用域是結(jié)構(gòu)聲明出現(xiàn)的范圍:

struct tagged_union 
{   enum {INT, FLOAT, STRING} type;
   int integer;
   float floating_point;
   char *string;} tu;
 tu.type = INT; // OK in C, error in C++

void foo (void) { return; } // ordinary name space, file scopestruct foo {      // tag name space, file scope
    int foo;      // member name space for this struct foo, file scope    enum bar {    // tag name space, file scope
        RED       // ordinary name space, file scope    } bar;        // member name space for this struct foo, file scope
    struct foo* p; // OK: uses tag/file scope name "foo"};enum bar x; // OK: uses tag/file-scope bar// int foo; // Error: ordinary name space foo already in scope //union foo { int a, b; }; // Error: tag name space foo in scope
 int main(void){
    goto foo; // OK uses "foo" from label name space/function scope
 
    struct foo { // tag name space, block scope (hides file scope)       enum bar x; // OK, uses "bar" from tag name space/file scope    };
    typedef struct foo foo; // OK: uses foo from tag name space/block scope                            // defines block-scope ordinary foo (hides file scope)    (foo){.x=RED}; // uses ordinary/block-scope foo and ordinary/file-scope RED
 foo:; // label name space, function scope}

參考

  • C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

    • 6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers (p: 37)

  • C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

    • 6.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers (p: 31)

  • C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

    • 3.1.2.3 Name spaces of identifiers

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