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Algorithms Algorithms(算法) bsearch bsearch_s qsort qsort_s Atomic operations Atomic operations library(原子操作庫(kù)) ATOMIC_*_LOCK_FREE atomic_compare_exchange_strong atomic_compare_exchange_strong_explicit atomic_compare_exchange_weak atomic_compare_exchange_weak_explicit atomic_exchange atomic_exchange_explicit atomic_fetch_add atomic_fetch_add_explicit atomic_fetch_and atomic_fetch_and_explicit atomic_fetch_or atomic_fetch_or_explicit atomic_fetch_sub atomic_fetch_sub_explicit atomic_fetch_xor atomic_fetch_xor_explicit atomic_flag atomic_flag_clear atomic_flag_clear_explicit ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT atomic_flag_test_and_set atomic_flag_test_and_set_explicit atomic_init atomic_is_lock_free atomic_load atomic_load_explicit atomic_signal_fence atomic_store atomic_store_explicit atomic_thread_fence(線程圍欄) ATOMIC_VAR_INIT kill_dependency memory_order(內(nèi)存排序) C keywords auto(自動(dòng)存儲(chǔ)) break(跳出循環(huán)) C keywords(關(guān)鍵詞) case char const(常量修飾符) continue default(預(yù)設(shè)運(yùn)算式) do double(雙精度浮點(diǎn)型) else enum(枚舉類型) extern(全局變量) float(浮點(diǎn)數(shù)) for fortran goto(goto語(yǔ)句) if(if語(yǔ)句) inline(行內(nèi)函式) int long(長(zhǎng)整型) register(寄存器變量) restrict( restrict類型限定符) return short signed sizeof(sizeof運(yùn)算符) static(靜態(tài)變量) struct(結(jié)構(gòu)體) switch(switch語(yǔ)句) typedef(typedef關(guān)鍵字) union(聯(lián)合體) unsigned(無(wú)符號(hào)) void(空類型) volatile(volatile變量) while(while語(yǔ)句) _Alignas _Alignof _Atomic _Bool _Complex _Generic _Imaginary _Noreturn _Static_assert _Thread_local C language #define directive #elif directive #else directive #endif directive #error directive #if directive #ifdef directive #ifndef directive #include directive #line directive #pragma directive alignas(對(duì)齊指定符) Alternative operators and tokens(替代運(yùn)算符和令牌) Analyzability Arithmetic operators Arithmetic types Array declaration(數(shù)組聲明) Array initialization(陣列初始化) ASCII Chart Assignment operators(賦值運(yùn)算符) types(atomic類型限定符) Basic concepts Bit fields(位域) break statement C language C Operator Precedence cast operator character constant(字符字面量) Comments(注釋符) Comparison operators(比較運(yùn)算符) compound literals(符合字面量) Conditional inclusion(條件包含) Conformance(一致性) const type qualifier(const 限定符) Constant expressions(常量表達(dá)) continue statement Declarations(聲明) do-while loop Enumerations(枚舉類型) Escape sequences(轉(zhuǎn)義字符) Expressions(表達(dá)式) External and tentative definitions(外部和暫定的定義) File scope(文件范圍) floating constant(浮點(diǎn)常量) for loop Function declarations(函數(shù)聲明) Function definitions(函數(shù)聲明) Functions Generic selection泛型選擇 goto statement Identifier(標(biāo)示符) if statement Implicit conversions(隱式轉(zhuǎn)換) Increment/decrement operators(前置/后置操作符) Initialization(初始化) inline function specifier(內(nèi)聯(lián)函式) integer constant Lifetime(生命期) Logical operators(邏輯運(yùn)算符) Lookup and name spaces Main function(主函式) Member access operators(會(huì)員接入運(yùn)營(yíng)商) Memory model Objects and alignment(字節(jié)對(duì)齊) Order of evaluation(評(píng)估順序) Other operators Phases of translation(翻譯階段) Pointer declaration Preprocessor(預(yù)處理) restrict type qualifier(restrict類型限定符) return statement Scalar initialization(標(biāo)量類型初始化) Scope(范圍) sizeof operator(sizeof運(yùn)算符) Statements(陳述) static assert declaration(靜態(tài)斷言聲明) Static storage duration(靜態(tài)存儲(chǔ)周期) Storage-class specifiers(存儲(chǔ)類說(shuō)明符) string literals(字符串字面量) Struct and union initialization(結(jié)構(gòu)體與聯(lián)合體初始化) Struct declaration(結(jié)構(gòu)體聲明) switch statement Thread storage duration(線程存儲(chǔ)時(shí)間) Type Type(類型) Typedef declaration(Typedef聲明) Undefined behavior(未定義行為) Union declaration(聯(lián)合體聲明) Value categories(值類別) Variadic arguments(變長(zhǎng)參數(shù)宏) volatile type qualifier(volatile 類型限定符) while loop _Alignof operator _Noreturn function specifier Date and time asctime(asctime函數(shù)) asctime_s clock CLOCKS_PER_SEC clock_t ctime(ctime函數(shù)) ctime_s Date and time utilities(日期和時(shí)間庫(kù)) difftime(計(jì)算兩個(gè)時(shí)間的間隔) gmtime gmtime_s localtime localtime_s mktime(將時(shí)間結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換成經(jīng)過(guò)的秒數(shù)的函數(shù)) strftime(格式化輸出時(shí)間函數(shù)) time timespec timespec_get time_t tm wcsftime(格式化時(shí)間寬字符) Dynamic memory management aligned_alloc C memory management library(內(nèi)存管理庫(kù)) calloc free(釋放動(dòng)態(tài)分配空間的函數(shù)) malloc(動(dòng)態(tài)分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) realloc(重新分配內(nèi)存空間的函數(shù)) Error handling abort_handler_s assert(斷言) constraint_handler_t errno(錯(cuò)誤報(bào)告) Error handling(錯(cuò)誤處理) Error numbers(錯(cuò)誤個(gè)數(shù)) ignore_handler_s set_constraint_handler_s static_assert File input/output clearerr(清除/復(fù)位) fclose feof ferror fflush(清空文件緩沖區(qū)) fgetc fgetpos fgets fgetwc fgetws File input/output fopen fopen_s fprintf fprintf_s fputc fputs fputwc fputws fread freopen freopen_s fscanf fscanf_s fseek fsetpos ftell fwide fwprintf fwprintf_s fwrite fwscanf fwscanf_s getc getchar gets gets_s getwchar perror printf printf_s putc putchar puts putwc putwchar remove rename rewind scanf scanf_s setbuf setvbuf snprintf sprintf sscanf sscanf_s swprintf swprintf_s swscanf swscanf_s tmpfile tmpfile_s tmpnam tmpnam_s ungetc ungetwc vfprintf vfprintf_s vfscanf vfscanf_s vfwprintf vfwprintf_s vfwscanf vfwscanf_s vprintf vprintf_s vscanf vscanf_s vsnprintf vsprintf vsscanf vsscanf_s vswprintf vswprintf_s vswscanf vswscanf_s vwprintf vwprintf_s vwscanf vwscanf_s wprintf wprintf_s wscanf wscanf_s Localization support lconv LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MONETARY LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME localeconv Localization support setlocale Numerics abs acos acosf acosh acoshf acoshl acosl asin asinf asinh asinhf asinhl asinl atan atan2 atan2f atan2l atanf atanh atanhf atanhl atanl cabs cabsf cabsl cacos cacosf cacosh cacoshf cacoshl cacosl carg cargf cargl casin casinf casinh casinhf casinhl casinl catan catanf catanh catanhf catanhl catanl cbrt cbrtf cbrtl ccos ccosf ccosh ccoshf ccoshl ccosl ceil ceilf ceill cexp cexpf cexpl cimag cimagf cimagl clog clogf clogl CMPLX CMPLXF CMPLXL Common mathematical functions complex Complex number arithmetic conj conjf conjl copysign copysignf copysignl cos cosf cosh coshf coshl cosl cpow cpowf cpowl cproj cprojf cprojl creal crealf creall csin csinf csinh csinhf csinhl csinl csqrt csqrtf csqrtl ctan ctanf ctanh ctanhf ctanhl ctanl div double_t erf erfc erfcf erfcl erff erfl exp exp2 exp2f exp2l expf expl expm1 expm1f expm1l fabs fabsf fabsl fdim feclearexcept fegetenv fegetexceptflag fegetround feholdexcept feraiseexcept fesetenv fesetexceptflag fesetround fetestexcept feupdateenv FE_ALL_EXCEPT FE_DFL_ENV FE_DIVBYZERO FE_DOWNWARD FE_INEXACT FE_INVALID FE_OVERFLOW FE_TONEAREST FE_TOWARDZERO FE_UNDERFLOW FE_UPWARD Floating-point environment float_t floor floorf floorl fma fmaf fmal fmax fmaxf fmaxl fmin fminf fminl fmod fmodf fmodl fpclassify FP_INFINITE FP_NAN FP_NORMAL FP_SUBNORMAL FP_ZERO frexp frexpf frexpl HUGE_VAL HUGE_VALF HUGE_VALL hypot hypotf hypotl I ilogb ilogbf ilogbl imaginary imaxabs imaxdiv INFINITY isfinite isgreater isgreaterequal isinf isless islessequal islessgreater isnan isnormal isunordered labs ldexp ldexpf ldexpl ldiv lgamma lgammaf lgammal llabs lldiv llrint llrintf llrintl llround llroundf llroundl log log10 log10f log10l log1p log1pf log1pl log2 log2f log2l logb logbf logbl logf logl lrint lrintf lrintl lround lroundf lroundl MATH_ERREXCEPT math_errhandling MATH_ERRNO modf modff modfl nan NAN nanf nanl nearbyint nearbyintf nearbyintl nextafter nextafterf nextafterl nexttoward nexttowardf nexttowardl Numerics pow powf powl Pseudo-random number generation rand RAND_MAX remainder remainderf remainderl remquo remquof remquol rint rintf rintl round roundf roundl scalbln scalblnf scalblnl scalbn scalbnf scalbnl signbit sin sinf sinh sinhf sinhl sinl sqrt sqrtf sqrtl srand tan tanf tanh tanhf tanhl tanl tgamma tgammaf tgammal trunc truncf truncl Type-generic math _Complex_I _Imaginary_I Program support abort atexit at_quick_exit exit EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_SUCCESS getenv getenv_s jmp_buf longjmp Program support utilities quick_exit raise setjmp SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGILL SIGINT signal SIGSEGV SIGTERM sig_atomic_t SIG_DFL SIG_ERR SIG_IGN system _Exit Strings atof atoi atol atoll btowc c16rtomb c32rtomb char16_t char32_t isalnum isalpha isblank iscntrl isdigit isgraph islower isprint ispunct isspace isupper iswalnum iswalpha iswblank iswcntrl iswctype iswdigit iswgraph iswlower iswprint iswpunct iswspace iswupper iswxdigit isxdigit mblen mbrlen mbrtoc16 mbrtoc32 mbrtowc mbsinit mbsrtowcs mbsrtowcs_s mbstate_t mbstowcs mbstowcs_s mbtowc memchr memcmp memcpy memcpy_s memmove memmove_s memset memset_s Null-terminated byte strings Null-terminated multibyte strings Null-terminated wide strings strcat strcat_s strchr strcmp strcoll strcpy strcpy_s strcspn strerror strerrorlen_s strerror_s Strings library strlen strncat Thread support call_once cnd_broadcast cnd_destroy cnd_init cnd_signal cnd_timedwait cnd_wait mtx_destroy mtx_init mtx_lock mtx_plain mtx_recursive mtx_timed mtx_timedlock mtx_trylock mtx_unlock once_flag ONCE_FLAG_INIT thrd_busy thrd_create thrd_current thrd_detach thrd_equal thrd_error thrd_exit thrd_join thrd_nomem thrd_sleep thrd_success thrd_timedout thrd_yield Thread support library thread_local tss_create tss_delete TSS_DTOR_ITERATIONS tss_get tss_set Type support Boolean type support library Fixed width integer types FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_ROUNDS max_align_t NULL Numeric limits offsetof ptrdiff_t size_t Type support Variadic functions Variadic functions va_arg va_copy va_end va_list va_start
テキスト

一個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)符是任意長(zhǎng)的數(shù)字序列,下劃線,小寫(xiě)和大寫(xiě)拉丁字母,并且使用 Unicode 字符指定\u\U逃逸符號(hào)(自 C99)。有效的標(biāo)識(shí)符必須以非數(shù)字字符(拉丁字母,下劃線或 Unicode 非數(shù)字字符(自C99以來(lái))開(kāi)始)。標(biāo)識(shí)符區(qū)分大小寫(xiě)(小寫(xiě)和大寫(xiě)字母不同)。

如果在標(biāo)識(shí)符中允許原始(未轉(zhuǎn)義的)Unicode字符,則它是實(shí)現(xiàn)定義的:char * \ U0001f431 =“cat”; //支持char *?=“貓”; //實(shí)現(xiàn)定義(例如,與Clang一起工作,但不是GCC)

(自C99以來(lái))

標(biāo)識(shí)符可以表示以下類型的實(shí)體:

  • 對(duì)象

  • 功能

  • 標(biāo)記(結(jié)構(gòu),聯(lián)合或枚舉)

  • 結(jié)構(gòu)或聯(lián)盟成員

  • 枚舉常量

  • typedef名稱

  • 標(biāo)簽名稱

  • 宏名稱

  • 宏參數(shù)名稱

除宏名稱或宏參數(shù)名以外的每個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)符都具有范圍,屬于名稱空間,并且可能具有鏈接。如果實(shí)體位于不同的名稱空間中,相同的標(biāo)識(shí)符可以表示程序中不同點(diǎn)處的不同實(shí)體,或者可以表示同一點(diǎn)處的不同實(shí)體。

保留標(biāo)識(shí)符

以下標(biāo)識(shí)符是保留的,不能在程序中聲明(這樣做會(huì)調(diào)用未定義的行為):

1)作為關(guān)鍵字的標(biāo)識(shí)符不能用于其他目的。特別是 #define 或 #undef 與一個(gè)關(guān)鍵字相同的標(biāo)識(shí)符是不允許的。

2)以下劃線開(kāi)頭的所有外部標(biāo)識(shí)符。

3)以下劃線開(kāi)頭的所有標(biāo)識(shí)符,后跟大寫(xiě)字母或其他下劃線(這些保留的標(biāo)識(shí)符允許庫(kù)使用大量幕后的非外部宏和函數(shù))

4)由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)定義的所有外部標(biāo)識(shí)符(在托管環(huán)境中)。這意味著不允許用戶提供的外部名稱與任何庫(kù)名稱匹配,即使聲明與庫(kù)函數(shù)相同的函數(shù)也是如此。

5)標(biāo)識(shí)符被聲明為保留以供將來(lái)由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)使用,即

  • 函數(shù)名稱

    • cerf,cerfc,cexp2cexpm1,clog10,clog1p,clog2,clgamma,ctgamma和他們-f -l和后綴的變體,在<complex.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭isto后面跟著一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母,in <ctype.h>wctype.h

    • str以小寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母<stdlib.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭str,memwcs后跟一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母,在<string.h>

    • wcs以小寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母<wchar.h>

    • atomic_以小寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母<stdatomic.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭cnd_,mtx_,thrd_tss_后跟一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母,在<threads.h>

  • typedef名稱

    • 開(kāi)頭intuint和結(jié)尾_t,在<stdint.h>

    • 以小寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭atomic_memory_后面跟著一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母<stdatomic.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭cnd_mtx_,thrd_tss_后跟一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母,在<threads.h>

  • 宏名稱

    • E以數(shù)字或大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)數(shù)字或一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母<errno.h>

    • FE_以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母<fenv.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭INTUINT與結(jié)尾_MAX,_MIN_C<stdint.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭PRISCN后跟小寫(xiě)字母或字母X,在<stdint.h>

    • LC_以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母<locale.h>

    • 以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭SIGSIG_后面跟著一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母<signal.h>

    • 開(kāi)始與TIME_后跟大寫(xiě)字母,在<time.h>中

    • ATOMIC_以大寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)大寫(xiě)字母<stdatomic.h>

  • 枚舉常量

    • memory_order_以小寫(xiě)字母開(kāi)頭,后面跟著一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母<stdatomic.h>

    • 開(kāi)頭cnd_,mtx_thrd_tss_后跟一個(gè)小寫(xiě)字母,在<threads.h>

所有其他標(biāo)識(shí)符都可用,不必?fù)?dān)心在將程序從一個(gè)編譯器和庫(kù)移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)編譯器和庫(kù)時(shí)發(fā)生意外沖突。

注意:在C ++中,任何地方都帶有雙下劃線的標(biāo)識(shí)符都是保留的; 在C中,只保留以雙下劃線開(kāi)頭的那些。

翻譯限制

即使對(duì)標(biāo)識(shí)符的長(zhǎng)度沒(méi)有特別的限制,早期編譯器對(duì)標(biāo)識(shí)符中重要的初始字符的數(shù)量也有限制,連接器對(duì)外部鏈接的名稱施加了更嚴(yán)格的限制。C要求任何符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)至少支持以下限制:

內(nèi)部標(biāo)識(shí)符或宏名稱中的31個(gè)重要初始字符外部標(biāo)識(shí)符中的6個(gè)重要初始字符511個(gè)一個(gè)翻譯單元中的外部標(biāo)識(shí)符127個(gè)在一個(gè)塊中聲明塊范圍的標(biāo)識(shí)符在一個(gè)預(yù)處理翻譯單元中同時(shí)定義的1024個(gè)宏標(biāo)識(shí)符

(直到C99)

內(nèi)部標(biāo)識(shí)符或宏名稱中的63個(gè)重要起始字符外部標(biāo)識(shí)符中的31個(gè)重要起始字符4095一個(gè)翻譯單元中的外部標(biāo)識(shí)符511個(gè)在一個(gè)塊中聲明塊范圍的標(biāo)識(shí)符4095在一個(gè)預(yù)處理翻譯單元中同時(shí)定義的宏標(biāo)識(shí)符

(自C99以來(lái))

  • 內(nèi)部標(biāo)識(shí)符或宏名稱中的31個(gè)重要的初始字符

  • 外部標(biāo)識(shí)符中有6個(gè)重要的初始字符

  • 一個(gè)翻譯單元中有511個(gè)外部標(biāo)識(shí)符

  • 在一個(gè)塊中聲明塊范圍的127個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)符

  • 在一個(gè)預(yù)處理翻譯單元中同時(shí)定義了1024個(gè)宏標(biāo)識(shí)符

(until C99)

  • 內(nèi)部標(biāo)識(shí)符或宏名稱中有63個(gè)重要的初始字符

  • 外部標(biāo)識(shí)符中有31個(gè)重要的初始字符

  • 一個(gè)翻譯單元中包含4095個(gè)外部標(biāo)識(shí)符

  • 在一個(gè)塊中聲明塊范圍的511個(gè)標(biāo)識(shí)符

  • 在一個(gè)預(yù)處理翻譯單元中同時(shí)定義了4095個(gè)宏標(biāo)識(shí)符

(since C99)

參考

  • C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):

    • 5.2.4.1 Translation limits (p: 25-26)

    • 6.4.2 Identifiers (p: 59-60)

    • 6.10.8 Predefined macro names (p: 175-176)

    • 6.11.9 Predefined macro names (p: 179)

    • 7.31 Future library directions (p: 455-457)

    • K.3.1.2 Reserved identifiers (p: 584)

  • C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):

    • 5.2.4.1 Translation limits (p: 20-21)

    • 6.4.2 Identifiers (p: 51-52)

    • 6.10.8 Predefined macro names (p: 160-161)

    • 6.11.9 Predefined macro names (p: 163)

    • 7.26 Future library directions (p: 401-402)

  • C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):

    • 2.2.4.1 Translation limits

    • 3.1.2 Identifiers

    • 3.8.8 Predefined macro names

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