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Home Backend Development C++ Detailed explanation of C++ friend functions: What is the difference between friend functions and member functions?

Detailed explanation of C++ friend functions: What is the difference between friend functions and member functions?

Apr 29, 2024 am 08:27 AM
c++ Scope friend function

Friend functions allow external functions to access private or protected members of a class by declaring them with the friend keyword in the class definition. Unlike member functions, friend functions are declared outside the class and can access private and protected members of the class, while member functions are declared inside the class and can access all members of the class. Friend functions are used as ordinary function calls, while member functions are called with class objects. Friend functions are used when external access to private or protected members is required, and member functions are used when member functions are used inside the class.

C++ 友元函數(shù)詳解:友元函數(shù)和成員函數(shù)的區(qū)別?

C Detailed explanation of friend functions: The difference between friend functions and member functions

Friend functions

A friend function is a special function that allows external functions to access private and protected members in a class. It is declared using the friend keyword in the class definition.

Syntax:

class MyClass {
  friend void myFriendFunction();
  ...
};

Member functions

Member functions are functions that belong to a class and can access its private and protected members.

Grammar:

class MyClass {
  void myMemberFunction();
  ...
};

The difference between friend function and member function

FeaturesFriend functionMember function
AccessibilityCan access private and protected members of the class Can access all members of the class
Declaration locationOutside the classInside the class
ScopeGlobalInternal class
Calling methodCall like a normal functionCall using class objects

Practical case

Consider a Student class that has a private marks Member:

class Student {
private:
  int marks;
  ...
};

We can use the friend function calculateAverage() to calculate the student's average grade, which has access to marks:

// 友元函數(shù)
friend double calculateAverage(Student& student);

// 計(jì)算學(xué)生的平均成績
double calculateAverage(Student& student) {
  return student.marks / 3;
}

We can also use member functions to calculate the average grade, but it can only be used in the Student class:

// 類的成員函數(shù)
double getAverage() {
  return marks / 3;
}

Conclusion

Friend functions provide a mechanism that allows external functions to access private and protected members of a class without making these members visible to the outside world. Member functions have access to all members of the class, but can only be used within the class.

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