1. The SUM function is used to sum the numbers in a column or a group of cells, for example: =SUM(A1:J10). 2. The AVERAGE function is used to calculate the average of the numbers in a column or a group of cells, for example: =AVERAGE(A1:A10). 3. COUNT function, used to count the number of numbers or text in a column or a group of cells, for example: =COUNT(A1:A10) 4. IF function, used to make logical judgments based on specified conditions and return the corresponding result.

When passing a map to a function in Go, a copy will be created by default, and modifications to the copy will not affect the original map. If you need to modify the original map, you can pass it through a pointer. Empty maps need to be handled with care, because they are technically nil pointers, and passing an empty map to a function that expects a non-empty map will cause an error.

Exception handling in C++ can be enhanced through custom exception classes that provide specific error messages, contextual information, and perform custom actions based on the error type. Define an exception class inherited from std::exception to provide specific error information. Use the throw keyword to throw a custom exception. Use dynamic_cast in a try-catch block to convert the caught exception to a custom exception type. In the actual case, the open_file function throws a FileNotFoundException exception. Catching and handling the exception can provide a more specific error message.

Function return value is crucial in C++, which allows the function to return data of a specified type: the return value type defines the type of data returned by the function, including basic types (such as int, float) and custom types (such as pointers, references). The return value meaning varies based on the function's intent, such as returning a result, indicating status, providing a reference, or creating a new object.

Advanced Go function techniques include: Closure: used to access externally defined variables, which can encapsulate state and create private variables. Anonymous function: An unnamed function used for one-time operations, suitable for callbacks, event handling, and filtering. Function type: Define function signature, which can store and transfer function values ??for scenarios such as comparison and sorting.

The pprof tool can help us analyze the internal working principle of Go functions. We can use it to: obtain the function call graph and understand the calling relationship. Analyze function performance and identify bottlenecks. Optimize function memory allocation and reduce memory usage.

In Go, methods generally perform better than functions because they directly access the receiver type fields and avoid data copying. Methods are primarily used to operate on receiver type values, while functions perform tasks independent of a specific type. Benchmarks show that methods are about 30% faster than functions. Therefore, it is recommended to prefer methods when considering performance, but functions are still useful when flexibility is required or when performing tasks not related to a specific type.

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