If there is something that programmers are afraid of, then I think it may be - the needs have changed again!

No, the customer said after the author developed a browser-based Web application: Program It needs to be run in an internal (no) internal (network) environment...

This means that the Python environment cannot be installed!

Who calls us programmers? Why not develop a GUI version? No, it’s not a problem for me...

But after hearing the time given, I couldn’t calm down anymore...

In order not to affect the customer’s evaluation, we can only give one week!

Conception

Although it is not difficult to create a GUI, it does require sorting out the services and the interactive interfaces with users. If not, you will have to write a separate interface for the GUI, which is obviously not enough time.

No, just think of another way...

Otherwise, just package the web application into an executable program and copy it to the machine to run. There are many similar frameworks, such as Nodejs. Electron[1], Pywebview[2] in Python.

Just wrap the original Web program, then just do it!

The artifact appears

The Web program is developed with Flask, so Python needs to be installed Pywebview as packaging tool.

Create a virtual environment [3] or in the original Web project environment, execute:

pip install pywebview

In Windows system, .Net 4.0 or above is required

Try it out:

import webview

window = webview.create_window('Hello!', 'http://http://www.justdopython.com')
webview.start()

• Reference the webview library
• Start a window, set the title to Hello!, and specify the page address
• Start webview

You can see the following effect:

Try it first

It’s amazing!

Pywebview supports three modes, simple mode and server mode and thread mode.

Simple mode is equivalent to a customized streaming browser. You can browse by specifying an address, as in the example above.

Server mode is equivalent to packaging a Web application, which means it will start a local server and browse in a customized browser.

Thread mode is more advanced, which means you need to manually maintain the thread status to achieve more advanced gameplay.

For the current needs, we choose the server mode, which is to package a local Web application.

Connecting with Flask

The server mode will provide us with an HTTP Server, as long as the web application is deployed on it.

Because it just shows the code of the actual project, here is a simple Flask application:

Regarding Flask Web application development, you can refer to the Flask article written by the author before

Create one app.py file:

from flask import Flask, render_template, jsonify, request

app = Flask(__name__) # 創(chuàng)建一個(gè)應(yīng)用

@app.route('/') 
def index():# 定義根目錄處理器
return render_template('index.html')

@app.route('/detail')
def detail():
return render_template('detail.html') 

if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run() # 啟動(dòng)服務(wù)

This application is very simple, with only two pages, accessed through / and /detail.

If you run this code, a Flask application will be started and accessed through http://120.0.0.1:5000.

How to install it in Pywebview?

It’s very simple:

import webview
from app import app

if __name__ == '__main__':
window = webview.create_window('Pywebview', app, height=600, width=1000)
webview.start()

• Introduce webview
• Introduce the app you just created
• Create a webview window and pass app as the url parameter
• Then start the webview

The key here is to use the Flask application as the url parameter. Webview finds that the passed If the parameter entered is the flask application, the service mode will be started.

After running the program, you can see the same effect as in the browser:

Connecting to Flask

Directory problem

Now you can package this project into an exe.

First you need to install pyinstaller[4]

pip install pyinstaller

Then enter the program directory to execute:

pyinstall -F -w main.py

• The F parameter means packaging the program into an executable file, without adding This parameter will be packaged into a folder
• The w parameter indicates that the command line window will not be displayed when executing the packaged executable program. This feature is only available in Windows systems

Soon, a dist folder will be generated in the program directory, and there will be a main.exe executable file in it. This is the packaged result.

Double-click to run and you can see the effect...

Wait, it doesn’t seem to be what you imagined!

Connect to Flask

What is going on?

According to the prompt, it is because the template file of the page cannot be found.

When we created the Flask app earlier, we used the default template path, which is the templates directory of the directory where the app.py file is located. Why can’t it be found after packaging?

This This is because in Windows, when the executable file is run, it will be decompressed to a specific directory, and our template file is not packaged into the exe file, so the template file cannot be found during runtime.

完美呈現(xiàn)

如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題呢?

作為不使用外部數(shù)據(jù)或文件的程序，只需要將程序本身打包就可以了，但大部分程序都需要外部數(shù)據(jù)，比如我們的 Flask 應(yīng)用，就需要用到靜態(tài)文件等。

那么如何將它們打包進(jìn)可執(zhí)行文件呢?

只需要在打包時(shí)多加一個(gè)參數(shù)就可以了：

pyinstaller main.py -F -w --add-data "./templates/*;templates"

-- add-data 參數(shù)表示添加額外的數(shù)據(jù) -- ./templates/* 表示需要添加當(dāng)前目錄的 templates 目錄中的所有文件 -- ;為分隔符，其后的 templates 表示解壓是這些數(shù)據(jù)所在的目錄，這個(gè)目錄名必須和 創(chuàng)建 app 時(shí) template_folder 參數(shù)一致 -- 如果需要用到靜態(tài)文件，需要額外添加，比如 --add-data "./static/*;static"

這樣就能將外部數(shù)據(jù)一起打包進(jìn)來(lái)了。

打包好后，雙擊執(zhí)行，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)頁(yè)得以完美呈現(xiàn)了。

注意：

如果使用了虛擬環(huán)境，必須在虛擬環(huán)境中單獨(dú)安裝 pyinstaller，而不能用其他環(huán)境中已經(jīng)安裝好的，這是為了包裝打包是可以鏈接所以程序引用的模塊

因?yàn)?pyinstaller 打包時(shí)，找不到被引用的模塊時(shí)并不報(bào)錯(cuò)，而打包好的程序可能會(huì)無(wú)法執(zhí)行。

總結(jié)

經(jīng)過(guò)一番折騰，終于在客戶要求的時(shí)間之前將工作完成了，特別高興。

回頭一想，多虧用了 Python 作為主要的開發(fā)語(yǔ)言，因?yàn)?Python 強(qiáng)悍的社區(qū)支持沒(méi)有找不到的解決方法。

這次經(jīng)歷的另一個(gè)啟示就是，遇到問(wèn)題，不要著急就做，可以先想一想，是否有更好的方法，特別在使用 Python 的時(shí)候。

比心!

參考代碼

??http://ipnx.cn/link/0c52d419a421fb13bb58357e67b7fb4b??

[1]Electron: https://www.electronjs.org/

[2]Pywebview: https://pywebview.flowrl.com/

[3]虛擬環(huán)境: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/WflK5pOKhvPg8zrf_W5mfw

[4]pyinstaller: https://pyinstaller.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

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