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Table of Contents
1. Basic Table Structure with thead, tbody, and tfoot
2. Why Use thead, tbody, and tfoot?
3. Styling Tips
4. Important Notes
Home Web Front-end HTML Tutorial How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML

How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML

Aug 03, 2025 pm 12:12 PM

Use head, tbody, and tfoot to improve the semantics, accessibility and style control of HTML tables; 1. Structurally, it should be written in the order of head, tfoot, and tbody, although tfoot is displayed at the bottom; 2. Advantages include enhanced semantics, assistive technology recognition, independent style settings, print paging support and JavaScript operation convenience; 3. Each part of the style can be set separately through CSS, and the table header and table tail can be fixed scrolled in combination with display: table and overflow; 4. Note that each table has only one head and tfoot, multiple tbody can be used for data grouping, and th is used for head. All tr must be located in these containers and cannot be placed directly in the table.

How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML

When building tables in HTML, using thead , tbody , and tfoot helps organize your content semantically and improves accessibility and styling control. These elements divide a table into logical sections: the header, body, and footer. Here's how to structure them properly.

How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML

1. Basic Table Structure with thead, tbody, and tfoot

Always start with a <table> element, then define the sections in this order:<br> <code><thead> , <code><tfoot> , <code><tbody> — yes, <code><tfoot> comes <em>before</em> <code><tbody> in the source, even though it displays at the bottom. This allows the browser to render the footer before the full table body loads, which is helpful for long tables.<pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'> &lt;table&gt; &lt;head&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;Product&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Price&lt;/th&gt; &lt;th&gt;Quantity&lt;/th&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/head&gt; &lt;tfoot&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Total&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$120.00&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;10&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tfoot&gt; &lt;tbody&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Laptop&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$100.00&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt; &lt;td&gt;Mouse&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;$20.00&lt;/td&gt; &lt;td&gt;5&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;/tbody&gt; &lt;/table&gt;</pre><h3 id="Why-Use-thead-tbody-and-tfoot"> 2. Why Use thead, tbody, and tfoot?</h3><ul><li> <strong>Semantic clarity</strong> : Clearly separates header, data, and summary rows.</li><li> <strong>Accessibility</strong> : Screen readers can better interpret table structure.</li><li> <strong>Styling with CSS</strong> : You can target each section individually (eg, <code>thead th { background: #eee; } ).

  • Print and pagination : Browsers can repeat the <thead> on each printed page if a table spans multiple pages.
  • JavaScript manipulation : Easier to target specific parts of the table.
  • 3. Styling Tips

    You can style each section differently:

    How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML
     thead {
      background-color: #003366;
      color: white;
    }
    
    tbody {
      background-color: #f9f9f9;
    }
    
    tfoot {
      font-weight: bold;
      background-color: #ddd;
    }

    Also, if you want the header and footer to stay visible while scrolling a long table body, combine it with CSS:

     table {
      width: 100%;
      border-collapse: collapse;
      display: block;
      height: 300px;
      overflow: auto;
    }
    
    thead, tfoot {
      display: table;
      width: 100%;
      table-layout: fixed;
    }
    
    tbody {
      display: block;
      height: 200px;
      overflow-y: auto;
    }
    
    tbody tr {
      display: table;
      width: 100%;
      table-layout: fixed;
    }

    4. Important Notes

    • Only one <thead> and one <tfoot> per table, but you can have multiple <tbody> elements if your data has natural groups (eg, different categories).
    • <th> elements should be used in <thead> for column headers.
    • <tfoot> must come after <thead> but before <tbody> in the HTML source.
    • All row elements ( <tr> ) must be inside one of these section elements — never directly in <table> .

    Example with multiple <tbody> sections:

    How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML
     <table>
      <head>
        <tr><th>Department</th><th>Employees</th></tr>
      </head>
      <tbody>
        <tr><td>Sales</td><td>12</td></tr>
      </tbody>
      <tbody>
        <tr><td>Engineering</td><td>20</td></tr>
      </tbody>
      <tfoot>
        <tr><td>Total</td><td>32</td></tr>
      </tfoot>
    </table>

    Basically, use thead , tbody , and tfoot to make your tables cleaner, more maintained, and more accessible. It's a small change with real benefits.

    The above is the detailed content of How to structure tables with thead, tbody, and tfoot in HTML. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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