Middleware in Laravel acts as a gatekeeper between incoming HTTP requests and the application’s response handling. 1. It filters, inspects, or modifies requests before they reach routes or controllers, and can alter responses before being sent back. 2. Common uses include authentication, authorization, CSRF protection, logging, and modifying request/response data. 3. Middleware works by processing requests through a stack, where each layer can allow passage, halt, or modify the request. 4. The three types are global (runs on every request), route-specific (applied to individual routes), and middleware groups (bundled under a single key like web or api). 5. Middleware can be assigned to routes or groups using the middleware() method. 6. Custom middleware can be created via php artisan make:middleware, with logic defined in the handle() method to control flow or modify data. Middleware provides a clean, reusable way to manage cross-cutting concerns across routes without cluttering controllers, making it a powerful feature when used effectively.
Middleware in Laravel is like a gatekeeper that sits between your incoming HTTP request and the actual handling of that request by your application. It allows you to filter, inspect, or modify requests before they reach your routes or controllers — and also lets you alter responses before they're sent back to the user.
Think of it as a series of layers that every request must pass through. For example, Laravel’s built-in auth middleware checks if a user is logged in. If not, it redirects them to the login page instead of letting them access a protected route.
Common Uses of Middleware
- Authentication: Check if a user is logged in.
- Authorization: Verify if a user has permission to perform an action (e.g., admin-only routes).
- CSRF Protection: Laravel includes middleware to validate CSRF tokens for security.
- Logging: Log details about incoming requests for debugging or monitoring.
- Modify Request/Response: Add headers, sanitize input, or transform responses.
How Middleware Works
When a request comes in, Laravel pushes it through the defined middleware stack. Each middleware can:
- Let the request pass through to the next layer (
return $next($request)), - Stop the request early (e.g., return a redirect or 403 response),
- Or modify the request object before passing it along.
Types of Middleware in Laravel
There are three main types:
-
Global Middleware: Runs on every request (e.g.,
StartSession,VerifyCsrfToken). -
Route Middleware: Assigned to specific routes or groups (e.g.,
auth,admin). -
Middleware Groups: Combine multiple middleware under a single key (like
weborapi).
For example, applying middleware to a route:
Route::get('/dashboard', function () {
//
})->middleware('auth');Or using a group:
Route::middleware(['auth'])->group(function () {
Route::get('/profile', function () { /* ... */ });
Route::get('/settings', function () { /* ... */ });
});You can also create custom middleware using Artisan:
php artisan make:middleware EnsureUserIsAdmin
Then define your logic in the handle() method:
public function handle($request, Closure $next)
{
if (! $request->user()->isAdmin()) {
return redirect('home');
}
return $next($request);
}Basically, middleware gives you a clean, reusable way to handle cross-cutting concerns across your app’s routes — without cluttering your controllers.
It’s not complicated, but it’s powerful when used right.
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