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Table of Contents
What Are rt and rp in HTML?
Why You Should Use rp and rt Together
How to Style Ruby Text
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Home Web Front-end HTML Tutorial HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography

HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography

Jul 26, 2025 am 05:19 AM

The rp and rt elements in HTML are used to display ruby annotations for East Asian typography, providing pronunciation guides like furigana in Japanese or pinyin in Chinese. 1. The rt element contains the annotation text, while 2. the rp element wraps parentheses around the annotation for compatibility with older browsers. 3. Together, they ensure proper rendering across devices and better accessibility. 4. Styling can be done with CSS to adjust size, positioning, or visibility of the annotations. 5. Common mistakes include misplacing elements or neglecting fallback support. Using both elements properly enhances readability and semantic structure while maintaining backward compatibility.

HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography

When dealing with East Asian typography, especially in HTML, the rp and rt elements play a specific but important role. They’re used primarily to support ruby annotations — small text notes placed next to characters, commonly seen in Japanese, Chinese, and sometimes Korean typography.

HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography

The main use case is for furigana (in Japanese) or pinyin (in Chinese), where pronunciation guides are displayed alongside complex characters. These elements work together inside the ruby element to ensure that annotations appear correctly across different browsers and devices.


What Are rt and rp in HTML?

The rt element stands for ruby text, which contains the actual annotation — usually the pronunciation of a character or phrase. The rp element is a ruby parenthesis — it wraps punctuation like parentheses around the rt content, mainly for compatibility with older browsers that don't fully support ruby layout.

HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography

Here's a basic example:

<ruby>
  漢 <rt>かん</rt>
  <rp>(</rp><rt>kann</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>

This structure allows modern browsers to display the ruby text properly while ensuring that even if ruby isn’t supported, the annotation still makes sense visually — often by showing “(kann)” next to the character.

HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography

Why You Should Use rp and rt Together

While you can technically use just rt, including rp improves accessibility and readability on systems that don't render ruby correctly.

  • Better fallback experience: If a browser doesn't support ruby layout, the rp tags make sure the parentheses still show up, keeping the annotation readable.
  • Improved semantics: Using both elements clearly defines what part is the annotation (rt) and how it should be enclosed (rp).
  • Consistent cross-browser behavior: Some older mobile browsers or minimal rendering engines rely on rp to format ruby text correctly.

So, it’s best practice to include both rt and rp when marking up ruby annotations, even though they may not always be visible in modern setups.


How to Style Ruby Text

By default, browsers render rt smaller and above the base text. But you can customize this using CSS.

Some common styling tips:

  • Use font-size to adjust the size of ruby text
  • Use ruby-align and text-combine-upright for more advanced positioning
  • Target rt and rp directly to hide or modify their appearance

For example:

rt {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #666;
}
rp {
  display: none; /* Hide parentheses in modern browsers */
}

Hiding rp is common because parentheses aren't needed when ruby is rendered properly. But remember: hiding them shouldn't affect screen readers or other assistive tools.


Common Mistakes to Avoid

It’s easy to misuse these elements, especially if you're not familiar with how ruby works in HTML.

Here are some common pitfalls:

  • Forgetting to wrap parentheses in rp
  • Placing rt outside the ruby tag
  • Overusing ruby for regular annotations (not just phonetic guides)
  • Not testing how the content looks without ruby support

Also, avoid nesting multiple rt elements under one character unless necessary — it can confuse screen readers and layout engines.


Basically, the rp and rt elements help make ruby annotations more robust and readable. They’re not flashy, but they matter when you're working with East Asian text that needs pronunciation support. Just remember to pair them inside ruby, style them carefully, and test for compatibility.

The above is the detailed content of HTML `rp` and `rt` Elements for East Asian Typography. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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