The method to create an abstract class in Python is to use the abc module. The specific steps are as follows: 1. Define the abstract class by inheriting the ABC class; 2. Mark the abstract methods that must be implemented using the @abstractmethod decorator; 3. The abstract class can also contain methods that are implemented for direct calls by subclasses; 4. An abstract class can define multiple abstract methods, and the subclass must be implemented to be instantiated; 5. If the subclass does not fully implement all abstract methods, the subclass itself will also be regarded as an abstract class; 6. In actual applications, it is important to note that abstract classes cannot be directly instantiated, abstract methods can contain default logic, and the advantages of abstract classes in standardized interface consistency.
Creating abstract classes in Python is not complicated. Although Python itself does not support the concept of abstract classes natively like Java, we can easily implement similar functions through the abc module in the standard library. The core approach is to use ABC classes and abstractmethod decorators.
Use the abc module to define abstract classes
Python provides the abc (Abstract Base Classes) module to help us create abstract classes. The key point is to inherit ABC and tag the methods that must be implemented with @abstractmethod .
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def make_sound(self):
pass In the above example, Animal is an abstract class, and any subclass that inherits it must implement make_sound method. Otherwise, an error will be reported when trying to instantiate.
Note: You cannot instantiate a class that contains abstract methods directly. For example,
a = Animal()will throw a TypeError.
There can be specific methods in abstract classes
An abstract class does not only have abstract methods, it can also contain methods that have been implemented. These methods will be inherited by all subclasses without rewriting.
class Animal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def make_sound(self):
pass
def sleep(self):
print("Sleeping...") In this example, the sleep method is specific, and the subclass can be called directly:
class Dog(Animal):
def make_sound(self):
print("Woof!")
d = Dog()
d.sleep() # Output Sleeping...This approach is very suitable for encapsulating some common behavior in the parent class and letting the child class focus on implementing abstract interfaces.
Multiple abstract methods and inheritance chains
An abstract class can define multiple abstract methods, and subclasses must be implemented to be instantiated. If you want to implement it in stages, you can transition through the intermediate layer abstract class.
class Shape(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def area(self):
pass
@abstractmethod
def perimeter(self):
pass
class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, width, height):
self.width = width
self.height = height
def area(self):
return self.width * self.height
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * (self.width self.height)If a subclass does not fully implement all abstract methods, it will be considered an abstract class itself:
- Subclass does not implement all abstract methods → still abstract class
- It can continue to be implemented by the next layer of subclasses
This is very useful when designing large systems or frameworks, allowing flexible control of implementation levels.
Some precautions in practical applications
- Abstract classes cannot be instantiated unless all abstract methods are implemented
- Abstract methods can also have method bodies (for example, to provide default logic)
- Using abstract classes helps to standardize interfaces and avoids subclasses missing key methods
- If you just want to define an interface, you can also consider using protocols or metaclasses
Basically that's it. Abstract classes are not necessary, but they are a very practical tool in scenarios where forced interface consistency is required.
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