Using Python's ABC (Abstract Base Class) can design clearer class structures, especially suitable for forcing subclasses to implement specific methods. 1. ABC is an abstract base class that cannot be instantiated directly. It can define methods that must be implemented, such as the area() method in the Shape class; 2. It can simulate interface functions by defining multiple abstract methods to ensure that the inherited class implements all methods, such as the Animal class requires the implementation of speak() and move(); 3. The abstract base class can partially implement methods and provide default logic, such as the start() in the Vehicle class must be implemented and stop() has default behavior. This keeps the interface unified, reduces duplicate code, and is easy to expand and maintain. Mastering ABC helps build a clean and controllable code system in large projects.
Using Python's ABC (abstract base class) to design clearer class structures is actually more useful than you think. Especially when you want to force subclasses to implement certain methods, ABC is a good choice.

What is ABC?
The full name of ABC is Abstract Base Class, which is called abstract base class in Chinese. Its biggest feature is that it cannot be instantiated directly , and some methods that "must be implemented" can be defined.

For example, if you write a Shape
class, it should have an area()
method. But how to calculate the area depends on whether it is a circle or a rectangle. At this time, you can define Shape
as an abstract base class and declare area()
as an abstract method.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod class Shape(ABC): @abstractmethod def area(self): pass
In this way, if you try to create an instance of Shape
, or write a subclass that does not implement area()
, Python will report an error.

How to define an interface using ABC?
In many languages, the concept of "interface" is used to define a set of behavioral norms. Python does not have a dedicated interface type, but similar functionality can be simulated through ABC.
You can define a "protocol" with multiple abstract methods and then let other classes implement it. for example:
class Animal(ABC): @abstractmethod def speak(self): pass @abstractmethod def move(self): pass
Now any class that inherits Animal
must implement both speak()
and move()
. This way you have a clear behavior constraint and the code is easier to maintain.
Sometimes you will find that some Curry classes use ABC
, but do not fully implement all methods - this is to allow users to complete the logic by themselves. This approach is very suitable for building plug-in structures or frameworks.
How to partially implement abstract classes?
Abstract base classes do not have to be all abstract methods. You can also write ordinary methods in it, and even provide default implementations.
for example:
class Vehicle(ABC): @abstractmethod def start(self): pass def stop(self): print("Stopping the vehicle")
Here start()
is an abstract method and must be implemented; while stop()
provides a general implementation. Subclasses can be used directly or overridden.
The benefits of doing this are:
- Keep interfaces unified
- Reduce duplicate code
- Easy to expand and maintain
Therefore, when designing a class system, you might as well consider which methods are universal and which must be determined by subclasses.
Basically that's it. Once you master the basic usage of ABC, you will find it particularly useful when doing large projects or encapsulating logic. It's not necessary to use it, but when used in the right place, it can make your code more neat and controllable.
The above is the detailed content of Python abstract base classes (ABC) explained. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

Hot AI Tools

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

SublimeText3 Chinese version
Chinese version, very easy to use

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

User voice input is captured and sent to the PHP backend through the MediaRecorder API of the front-end JavaScript; 2. PHP saves the audio as a temporary file and calls STTAPI (such as Google or Baidu voice recognition) to convert it into text; 3. PHP sends the text to an AI service (such as OpenAIGPT) to obtain intelligent reply; 4. PHP then calls TTSAPI (such as Baidu or Google voice synthesis) to convert the reply to a voice file; 5. PHP streams the voice file back to the front-end to play, completing interaction. The entire process is dominated by PHP to ensure seamless connection between all links.

To realize text error correction and syntax optimization with AI, you need to follow the following steps: 1. Select a suitable AI model or API, such as Baidu, Tencent API or open source NLP library; 2. Call the API through PHP's curl or Guzzle and process the return results; 3. Display error correction information in the application and allow users to choose whether to adopt it; 4. Use php-l and PHP_CodeSniffer for syntax detection and code optimization; 5. Continuously collect feedback and update the model or rules to improve the effect. When choosing AIAPI, focus on evaluating accuracy, response speed, price and support for PHP. Code optimization should follow PSR specifications, use cache reasonably, avoid circular queries, review code regularly, and use X

When choosing a suitable PHP framework, you need to consider comprehensively according to project needs: Laravel is suitable for rapid development and provides EloquentORM and Blade template engines, which are convenient for database operation and dynamic form rendering; Symfony is more flexible and suitable for complex systems; CodeIgniter is lightweight and suitable for simple applications with high performance requirements. 2. To ensure the accuracy of AI models, we need to start with high-quality data training, reasonable selection of evaluation indicators (such as accuracy, recall, F1 value), regular performance evaluation and model tuning, and ensure code quality through unit testing and integration testing, while continuously monitoring the input data to prevent data drift. 3. Many measures are required to protect user privacy: encrypt and store sensitive data (such as AES

Use Seaborn's jointplot to quickly visualize the relationship and distribution between two variables; 2. The basic scatter plot is implemented by sns.jointplot(data=tips,x="total_bill",y="tip",kind="scatter"), the center is a scatter plot, and the histogram is displayed on the upper and lower and right sides; 3. Add regression lines and density information to a kind="reg", and combine marginal_kws to set the edge plot style; 4. When the data volume is large, it is recommended to use "hex"

The core idea of PHP combining AI for video content analysis is to let PHP serve as the backend "glue", first upload video to cloud storage, and then call AI services (such as Google CloudVideoAI, etc.) for asynchronous analysis; 2. PHP parses the JSON results, extract people, objects, scenes, voice and other information to generate intelligent tags and store them in the database; 3. The advantage is to use PHP's mature web ecosystem to quickly integrate AI capabilities, which is suitable for projects with existing PHP systems to efficiently implement; 4. Common challenges include large file processing (directly transmitted to cloud storage with pre-signed URLs), asynchronous tasks (introducing message queues), cost control (on-demand analysis, budget monitoring) and result optimization (label standardization); 5. Smart tags significantly improve visual

To integrate AI sentiment computing technology into PHP applications, the core is to use cloud services AIAPI (such as Google, AWS, and Azure) for sentiment analysis, send text through HTTP requests and parse returned JSON results, and store emotional data into the database, thereby realizing automated processing and data insights of user feedback. The specific steps include: 1. Select a suitable AI sentiment analysis API, considering accuracy, cost, language support and integration complexity; 2. Use Guzzle or curl to send requests, store sentiment scores, labels, and intensity information; 3. Build a visual dashboard to support priority sorting, trend analysis, product iteration direction and user segmentation; 4. Respond to technical challenges, such as API call restrictions and numbers

The core of PHP's development of AI text summary is to call external AI service APIs (such as OpenAI, HuggingFace) as a coordinator to realize text preprocessing, API requests, response analysis and result display; 2. The limitation is that the computing performance is weak and the AI ecosystem is weak. The response strategy is to leverage APIs, service decoupling and asynchronous processing; 3. Model selection needs to weigh summary quality, cost, delay, concurrency, data privacy, and abstract models such as GPT or BART/T5 are recommended; 4. Performance optimization includes cache, asynchronous queues, batch processing and nearby area selection. Error processing needs to cover current limit retry, network timeout, key security, input verification and logging to ensure the stable and efficient operation of the system.

String lists can be merged with join() method, such as ''.join(words) to get "HelloworldfromPython"; 2. Number lists must be converted to strings with map(str, numbers) or [str(x)forxinnumbers] before joining; 3. Any type list can be directly converted to strings with brackets and quotes, suitable for debugging; 4. Custom formats can be implemented by generator expressions combined with join(), such as '|'.join(f"[{item}]"foriteminitems) output"[a]|[
