直接說(shuō)重點(diǎn):合并資源、減少依賴、利用緩存是減少 HTTP 請(qǐng)求的核心方法。1. 合并 CSS 和 JavaScript 文件,通過(guò)構(gòu)建工具在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境合并文件,保留開(kāi)發(fā)模塊化結(jié)構(gòu);2. 使用圖片雪碧圖或內(nèi)聯(lián) Base64 圖片減少圖片請(qǐng)求數(shù),適用于靜態(tài)小圖標(biāo);3. 設(shè)置瀏覽器緩存策略,搭配 CDN 加速資源加載,提升訪問(wèn)速度并分散服務(wù)器壓力;4. 延遲加載非關(guān)鍵資源,如使用 loading="lazy" 或異步加載腳本,減少初始請(qǐng)求,注意不影響用戶體驗(yàn)。這些方法能顯著優(yōu)化網(wǎng)頁(yè)加載性能,尤其在移動(dòng)端或網(wǎng)絡(luò)較差的情況下效果明顯。
減少 HTTP 請(qǐng)求是優(yōu)化網(wǎng)頁(yè)加載速度的關(guān)鍵一步。因?yàn)槊總€(gè)請(qǐng)求都會(huì)帶來(lái)延遲,尤其是在移動(dòng)端或網(wǎng)絡(luò)條件差的情況下。直接說(shuō)重點(diǎn):合并資源、減少依賴、利用緩存,是最有效的三個(gè)方向。
合并 CSS 和 JavaScript 文件
很多網(wǎng)站會(huì)把 CSS 或 JS 拆分成多個(gè)文件來(lái)組織代碼結(jié)構(gòu),但這會(huì)導(dǎo)致多個(gè) HTTP 請(qǐng)求。其實(shí),在部署時(shí)可以把這些文件合并成一個(gè) CSS 和一個(gè) JS 文件,大幅減少請(qǐng)求數(shù)。
- 使用構(gòu)建工具(如 Webpack、Vite)自動(dòng)合并
- 保留開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)的模塊化結(jié)構(gòu),只在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境合并
- 注意順序問(wèn)題,比如某些 JS 需要先加載
這樣處理后,頁(yè)面加載時(shí)只需請(qǐng)求一兩個(gè)資源,而不是十幾個(gè)甚至幾十個(gè)。
利用圖片雪碧圖和內(nèi)聯(lián)小圖標(biāo)
圖片是 HTTP 請(qǐng)求的大頭之一。對(duì)于一些小圖標(biāo)或常用圖像元素,可以使用 CSS Sprite(雪碧圖) 把它們合并成一張圖,通過(guò) background-position 來(lái)顯示不同部分。
- 減少圖片請(qǐng)求數(shù),適合靜態(tài)圖標(biāo)
- 可以內(nèi)聯(lián) Base64 圖片到 CSS 中(適用于極小圖)
- 注意維護(hù)成本,圖標(biāo)更新頻繁時(shí)不推薦
現(xiàn)在雖然 SVG 使用更廣泛,但對(duì)舊項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō),雪碧圖仍然是一個(gè)實(shí)用的選擇。
使用瀏覽器緩存和 CDN 加速
緩存能有效減少重復(fù)訪問(wèn)時(shí)的請(qǐng)求量。設(shè)置合適的 Cache-Control 或 Expires 頭可以讓瀏覽器復(fù)用已下載的資源。
- 對(duì)靜態(tài)資源(JS/CSS/圖片)設(shè)置長(zhǎng)期緩存
- HTML 文件可設(shè)置短時(shí)間緩存或 no-cache
- 搭配 CDN 使用效果更好,提升加載速度的同時(shí)也減輕服務(wù)器壓力
CDN 不僅能加速資源加載,還能分散請(qǐng)求壓力,尤其適合全球用戶訪問(wèn)的站點(diǎn)。
延遲加載非關(guān)鍵資源
不是所有資源都需要一開(kāi)始就加載。例如圖片滾動(dòng)到可視區(qū)域后再加載,腳本在需要時(shí)再執(zhí)行,都可以減少初始請(qǐng)求。
- 使用
loading="lazy"
屬性加載圖片 - 異步加載非核心 JS,或者 defer 執(zhí)行
- 移動(dòng)端優(yōu)先考慮懶加載策略
注意別影響用戶體驗(yàn),比如圖片快滾動(dòng)到了才開(kāi)始加載可能會(huì)造成空白。
基本上就這些方法??雌饋?lái)不復(fù)雜,但在實(shí)際項(xiàng)目中容易被忽略。尤其是合并資源和緩存設(shè)置,這兩個(gè)點(diǎn)做不好,其他優(yōu)化可能都白搭。
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