Vue's template compilation mechanism converts HTML-style templates into efficient JavaScript rendering functions, which are divided into three steps: 1. Template parsing: parsing template strings into abstract syntax trees (ASTs), structured representations of labels, attributes and interpolated expressions; 2. AST conversion: insert responsive logic, handles instructions and dynamic bindings, so that the views can be automatically updated when data changes; 3. Generate render function: Finally compiled into a browser-executable JavaScript function, which is completed during the construction stage or runtime, ensuring efficient rendering and updating of pages.
Vue's template compilation mechanism is actually not mysterious. It converts the HTML-style templates we write into efficient JavaScript rendering functions. This process occurs during the build phase (development environment) or runtime (if runtime-only build is used), and eventually generates a render function to create a virtual DOM and update the page.
Template parsing: from HTML to AST
The first step is to parse the template string into an abstract syntax tree (AST). You can understand it as Vue "read" the content in <template></template> you wrote, and then break it down into structured data.
For example, you wrote a paragraph like this:
<div class="item">{{ text }}</div>The Vue parser will turn this into a structure similar to this:
- The root node is a div
- There is class="item" in the attribute
- The child node is a text node containing {{ text }}
This step is mainly to identify basic structures such as tags, attributes, and interpolated expressions.
AST transformation: Add responsive logic
With AST, Vue processes it and inserts responsive hooks. For example, if you use {{ text }} in your template, the compiler will recognize that this is a dynamic binding and add code to the generated render function to trace dependencies.
At this stage, Vue will:
- Convert instructions (such as v-if, v-for) into corresponding rendering logic
- Handle dynamic binding (such as: class)
- Insert responsive access (i.e. read variables in data)
For example, the above example will be converted to a JS expression similar to this:
h('div', { class: 'item' }, [text]) text here is responsive data, and when it changes, Vue knows to re-execute the render function.
Generate render function: Let the browser know your template
The last step is to compile AST into a real JavaScript function, that is, render function. It is the part that is really responsible for drawing the page.
If you are using a single file component ( .vue file), these tasks are done in the build stage through vue-loader and vue-template-compiler. In other words, when running in the user's browser, it is no longer the original template, but the optimized render function.
And if you write templates directly in the browser (such as mounting a real DOM with the el option), Vue will call the built-in compiler at runtime to complete this process.
The difference between development and runtime
Here are a few common points to note:
- Development environment : Usually with build tools (such as Vite or Webpack), the template is precompiled and runs faster
- Production environment : When using the runtime-only version, the compiler is no longer needed and the size is smaller
- Full version of Vue : Includes a compiler that can compile templates at runtime, but are slightly larger
If you are writing a .vue file, template compilation is done automatically and no additional configuration is required. But if you manually splice the template string yourself and want it to take effect, you may need to introduce a Vue version with a compiler.
Basically that's it. The whole process looks complicated, but in fact each step is just to turn the template we write into an efficient and executable JS function.
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