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Table of Contents
Understanding the basics of tabindex
Making custom components keyboard accessible
Avoid disrupting natural tab order
When to use tabindex="-1"
Home Web Front-end HTML Tutorial How do you manage keyboard focus with the tabindex in html attributes?

How do you manage keyboard focus with the tabindex in html attributes?

Jun 28, 2025 am 01:55 AM

When managing HTML keyboard focus using the tabindex attribute, you should prioritize natural order and ensure accessibility. First, understand the three valid values ??of tabindex: 0 means that it can be focused in the order of the document; -1 means that it can only be focused through scripts; positive numbers mean custom focus order (not recommended). Second, add tabindex="0" and appropriate ARIA roles to non-form elements for keyboard access. Third, avoid using high positive values ??to disrupt the natural order, and the order should be controlled by adjusting the HTML structure. Fourth, use tabindex="-1" when you need to control the focus of the program, such as automatic focus after the modal box is opened. Finally, always test the keyboard navigation to ensure availability.

How do you manage keyboard focus with the tabindex in html attributes?

Managing keyboard focus in HTML is important for accessibility and usability, especially for users who navigate using a keyboard. One of the main tools you have for this is the tabindex attribute.

How do you manage keyboard focus with the tabindex in html attributes?

Here's how to use tabindex effectively to manage focus behavior on your web pages.

How do you manage keyboard focus with the tabindex in html attributes?

Understanding the basics of tabindex

The tabindex attribute controls whether an element can be focused and how it behaves in the tabbing order.

There are three valid values:

How do you manage keyboard focus with the tabindex in html attributes?
  • tabindex="0" — Makes the element focused in the natural tab order (based on source order).
  • tabindex="-1" — Makes the element focusable only via JavaScript or programmatically (not reachable by tabbing).
  • tabindex="n" (where n ≥ 1) — Adds the element to the tabbing order explicitly, with elements ordered based on their number. This is generally discouraged because it can confuse users and break expected navigation flow.

Use tabindex="0" when you want to make a non-focusable element (like a <div> or <code><span></span> ) accessible via keyboard. Use -1 when you need to focus something temporarily, like focusing a modal after opening it.


Making custom components keyboard accessible

Sometimes you're building interactive UI components that aren't standard form elements — think tabs, dropdowns, or buttons made from

s.

In these cases:

  • Add tabindex="0" so the component can receive focus.
  • Make sure the element has appropriate ARIA roles and attributes (eg, role="button" if it acts like a button).
  • Handle keyboard events like Enter/Spacebar to trigger actions.

For example:

 <div role="button" tabindex="0">Custom Button</div>

This makes the div both focusable and usable with a keyboard, improving accessibility without relying on JavaScript just to enable basic interaction.


Avoid disrupting natural tab order

One common mistake is assigning high positive tabindex values ??(like tabindex="5" ), which forces users to tab through elements in an unnatural sequence.

It breaks expectations and creates confusion. Instead:

  • Rely on the default tabbing order (source order).
  • Only use tabindex="0" to include otherwise non-focusable elements.
  • Use tabindex="-1" if you need to focus something later via script (like bringing focus back after closing a dialog).

If you must adjust the tabbing sequence, consider reordering the HTML structure instead of manipulating tabindex .


When to use tabindex="-1"

You'll often use tabindex="-1" in situations where you want to control focus via JavaScript. For example:

  • After opening a modal dialog, you might set focus to the dialog container.
  • When implementing tab interfaces, focusing the newly activated tab panel.
  • Moving focus to an error message after form validation fails.

This keeps the element out of the natural tab flow but still allows programming access.

A simple example:

 <div id="modal" tabindex="-1">This modal will get focus via JavaScript.</div>

Then in JS:

 document.getElementById(&#39;modal&#39;).focus();

That's the core of managing focus with tabindex . It gives you control without breaking accessibility when used correctly. Keep it simple, avoid unnecessary overrides, and test with a keyboard to make sure everything works as expected.

Basically that's it.

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