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Table of Contents
What Exactly Is :root ?
Why Use :root instead of html ?
When Does It Actually Matter?
Home Web Front-end CSS Tutorial What is the :root pseudo-class and how does it differ from html?

What is the :root pseudo-class and how does it differ from html?

Jun 25, 2025 am 12:23 AM
html :root

:root is used in CSS to select document root elements, usually equivalent to the tag in HTML, but has higher specificity. 1. :root is suitable for defining global CSS variables, such as --main-color; 2. It provides higher priority to avoid style conflicts; 3. Still applicable in documents without elements (such as XML); 4. It is easier to maintain and dynamically modify topics when combined with component frameworks. Compared to using the html selector directly, :root improves code maintainability and consistency, and is especially suitable for complex projects.

What is the :root pseudo-class and how does it different from html?

The :root pseudo-class in CSS targets the root element of a document. In HTML, this is typically the element. While that might make it seems similar to just using html as a selector, there's a key difference: :root has a higher specificity than the html selector. That means styles applied with :root will override those applied directly to html , unless other specificity or !important rules interfere.

Let's break down how and why you'd use :root instead of html .


What Exactly Is :root ?

:root is a CSS pseudo-class that always selects the topmost element in the document tree — for HTML documents, that's the tag. It doesn't change based on where styles are applied or what child elements exist.

Use case : You often see :root used when defining CSS custom properties (variables). For example:

 :root {
  --main-color: #3498db;
}

This makes the variable globally available throughout your stylesheet.

Compared to:

 html {
  --main-color: #3498db;
}

…you get the same result visually, but different behavior under the hood due to specific .


Why Use :root instead of html ?

There are a few practical reasons to prefer :root over html :

  • Higher specification : This can help avoid conflicts if you're overriding third-party styles or working within a large codebase.
  • Future-proofing : While it's rare, some documents may not have an element (like certain XML formats), but :root still applies.
  • Consistency with variables : Since CSS variables are often defined at the global level, using :root clearly signals intent.

If you're just setting fonts or background colors, it might not matter much. But when dealing with complex systems like design tokens or theming, :root helps keep things organized and predictable.


When Does It Actually Matter?

In most small websites or simple projects, using html or :root won't cause any noticeable issues. However, in larger applications or component-based frameworks (like React or Vue), where multiple layers of CSS can be in play, that extra bit of control from :root becomes useful.

For example:

  • If two rules target the same property, one using html and one using :root , the :root version wins without needing !important .
  • When defining themes dynamically via JavaScript, having variables on :root makes them easier to access and modify.

So while the visual output might look the same, the internal logic of your CSS can benefit from being more precise.


Basically, :root gives you slightly more control and clarity, especially when working with modern CSS features. It's not a huge difference in most cases, but it's good to understand when building scalable or maintainable styles.

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