The animation-fill-mode attribute is used to control the element style representation before and after the animation starts, and it contains four values: none, forwards, backwards and both. none is the default value, and the elements return to the original style after the animation is over; forwards keep the last frame style after the animation is over; backwards applies the first frame style during the animation delay; both combine the effects of both. This property is suitable for scenes where animations need to be maintained, such as menu slide in, loading instructions, etc., and can be used in combination with animation-delay and animation-direction to take effect in non-infinite repeat animations. Correct use of this property can avoid sudden jumps at the end of the animation and improve user experience.
The animation-fill-mode property in CSS is there to control how an element looks before and after an animation runs. Without it, the element usually snaps back to its original style once the animation ends, which might not always be what you want.
Here's a breakdown of how it works and when it matters:
What does each value do?
There are four possible values ??for animation-fill-mode : none , forwards , backwards , and both . Each one changes how styles are applied during different parts of the animation timeline.
none(default) : The animation doesn't apply any styles outside of when it's actively running. So as soon as it finishes, the element goes back to however it was styled before.forwards: Keeps the element looking like it did at the last keyframe of the animation, even after the animation stops.backwards: Applies the first keyframe's styles to the element during the delay period , before the animation starts.both: Combinesforwardsandbackwards. It means the element will show the first frame's style during the delay and stay on the last frame's style after the animation ends.
This becomes really handy if you're trying to avoid that awkward flicker or reset when an animation ends — especially with things like fade-ins, slide-ins from off-screen, or timed transitions.
When should you use it?
You'll find yourself reaching for animation-fill-mode in scenarios where continue matters — like when building UI states or micro-interactions.
For example:
- You have a menu that slides in from the right using an animation. If you don't set
animation-fill-mode: forwards, the menu might snap back to being invisible after the animation ends. - Or maybe you're animating a loading indicator. Using
backwardsensures it shows the correct pre-animation state while waiting to start.
It also plays well with other animation properties like animation-delay and animation-direction . For instance, combining animation-fill-mode: backwards with a delay makes sure the initial styling stays visible until the animation actually kicks in.
How to write it in CSS
You can include animation-fill-mode directly in your animation shortthand or define it separately:
.slide-in {
animation-name: slideRight;
animation-duration: 1s;
animation-fill-mode: forwards;
}Or using the shorthand:
.slide-in {
animation: slideRight 1s forwards;
}Keep in mind:
- It only affects animations that are not set to repeat forever (
infinite). - If you're using multiple animations on the same element, you can assign different
fill-modevalues ??per animation by separating them with commas.
So yeah, animation-fill-mode isn't flashy, but it helps keep your animations feeling smooth and intentional. Once you've run into the problem of elements jumping back to their original styles unexpectedly, this property becomes a go-to fix.
Basically that's it.
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