Marshal格式

2002-04-04 草稿....

• 以4.8(對(duì)應(yīng)于1.8)版的格式為藍(lán)本

  # 截至2003-05-02為止的格式版本如下所示
  p Marshal.Dump(Object.new).unpack("cc").join(".")
      => ruby 1.6.0 (2000-09-19) [i586-linux]
         "4.4"
      => ruby 1.6.1 (2000-09-27) [i586-linux]
         "4.4"
      => ruby 1.6.2 (2000-12-25) [i586-linux]
         "4.5"
      => ruby 1.6.3 (2001-03-19) [i586-linux]
         "4.5"
      => ruby 1.6.4 (2001-06-04) [i586-linux]
         "4.5"
      => ruby 1.6.5 (2001-09-19) [i586-linux]
         "4.6"
      => ruby 1.6.6 (2001-12-26) [i586-linux]
         "4.6"
      => ruby 1.6.7 (2002-03-01) [i586-linux]
         "4.6"
      => ruby 1.6.7 (2002-09-06) [i586-linux]
         "4.6"
      => ruby 1.7.3 (2002-09-06) [i586-linux]
         "4.7"
      => ruby 1.7.3 (2002-09-20) [i586-linux]
         "4.8"
      => ruby 1.8.0 (2003-08-03) [i586-linux]
         "4.8"
  

• 本文兼顧了以前的版本，同時(shí)也指出了兼容性問題
• 還提到了Ruby的Marshal中的BUG(?)

nil

true

false

分別是'0', 'T', 'F'

p Marshal.Dump(nil).unpack("x2 a*")
# => ["0"]

此時(shí)，即使設(shè)置了實(shí)例變量也無法Dump。

class NilClass
  attr_accessor :foo
end
nil.foo = 1
p nil.foo                           # => 1
p Marshal.Dump(nil).unpack("x2 a*") # => ["0"]

Fixnum

在'i'之后是表示Fixnum的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。

以數(shù)值n為例，在表示數(shù)值部分的形式中(不僅限于Fixnum，在其它地方也是如此)，保存著

形式 1:

n == 0:       0
0 < n < 123:  n + 5
-124 < n < 0: n - 5

這樣的數(shù)值(1 byte)。之所以加減5，是為了有別于下面的形式。

例:

p Marshal.Dump(-1).unpack("x2 a*") # => "i\372"
p Marshal.Dump(0).unpack("x2 a*")  # => "i\000"
p Marshal.Dump(1).unpack("x2 a*")  # => "i\006"
p Marshal.Dump(2).unpack("x2 a*")  # => "i\a"   ("i\007")

若數(shù)值N超出形式1的范圍時(shí)，則有下面的形式。

形式 2:

| len | n1 | n2 | n3 | n4 |
 <-1-> <-     len       ->
 byte        bytes

len的值是-4 ～ -1, 1 ～ 4。這表示符號(hào)和后續(xù)的數(shù)據(jù)存在于n1 ～ n|len|。

# 舉個(gè)更好的例子...
def foo(len, n1, n2 = 0, n3 = 0, n4 = 0)

    case len
    when -3;           n4 = 255
    when -2;      n3 = n4 = 255
    when -1; n2 = n3 = n4 = 255
    end

    n = (0xffffff00 | n1) &
        (0xffff00ff | n2 * 0x100) &
        (0xff00ffff | n3 * 0x10000) &
        (0x00ffffff | n4 * 0x1000000)
    # p "%x" % n
    n = -((n ^ 0xffff_ffff) + 1) if len < 0
    n
end

p Marshal.Dump(-125).unpack("x2 acC*") # => ["i", -1, 131]
p foo(-1, 131)
p Marshal.Dump(-255).unpack("x2 acC*") # => ["i", -1, 1]
p foo(-1, 1)
p Marshal.Dump(-256).unpack("x2 acC*") # => ["i", -1, 0]
p foo(-1, 0)
p Marshal.Dump(-257).unpack("x2 acC*") # => ["i", -2, 255, 254]
p foo(-2, 255, 254)
p Marshal.Dump(124).unpack("x2 acC*") # => ["i", 1, 124]
p foo(1, 124)
p Marshal.Dump(256).unpack("x2 acC*") # => ["i", 2, 0, 1]
p foo(2, 0, 1)

即使設(shè)定了實(shí)例變量，也無法Dump。

class Fixnum
  attr_accessor :foo
end
99.foo = 1
p 99.foo                           # => 1
p 999.foo                          # => nil
p Marshal.Dump(99).unpack("x2 ac") # => ["i", 104]

instance of the user class

'C': String, Regexp, Array, Hash 的子類的實(shí)例變量

| 'C' | 類名(Symbol)的 Dump | 父類的實(shí)例的 Dump |

例 1:

class Foo < String # (or Regexp, Array, Hash)
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo.new("foo")).unpack("x2 a a c a3 aca*")
# => ["C", ":", 8, "Foo", "\"", 8, "foo"]
                          ^^^ (or '/', '[', '{')

例 2: 有實(shí)例變量(請(qǐng)參考instance variable)

class Foo < String # (or Regexp, Array, Hash)
  def initialize(obj)
    @foo = obj
    super(obj)
  end
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo.new("foo")).unpack("x2 a a a c a3 aca3 caca4 aca*")
# => ["I", "C", ":", 8, "Foo", "\"", 8, "foo", 6, ":", 9, "@foo", "\"", 8, "foo"]

除此以外，將變?yōu)?o'。這是因?yàn)閮?nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)有所差異所致(請(qǐng)參考Object)

例:

class Foo
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo.new).unpack("x2 a a c a*")
# => ["o", ":", 8, "Foo\000"]

'u'

若定義了_Dump、_load的話，就是'u'。因?yàn)闊o法Dump實(shí)例變量，所以必須使用_Dump/_load進(jìn)行處理。

| 'u' | 類名(Symbol)的 Dump | _Dump 的結(jié)果的長度(Fixnum形式) |
| _Dump 的返回值 |

例:

class Foo
  def self._load
  end
  def _Dump(obj)
    "hogehoge"
  end
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo.new).unpack("x2 a aca3 c a*")
# => ["u", ":", 8, "Foo", 13, "hogehoge"]

'U' ruby 1.8 特性

若定義了marshal_Dump、marshal_load的話，就是'U'。因?yàn)闊o法Dump實(shí)例變量，所以必須使用marshal_Dump/marshal_load來處理。

| 'U' | 類名(Symbol)的 Dump | marshal_Dump 方法的返回值的 Dump |

例:

class Foo
  def marshal_Dump
    "hogehoge"
  end
  def marshal_load(obj)
  end
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo.new).unpack("x2 a aca3 a c a*")

# => ["U", ":", 8, "Foo", "\"", 13, "hogehoge"]

Object

'o'

| 'o' | 類名(Symbol)的 Dump | 實(shí)例變量的數(shù)量(Fixnum形式) |
| 實(shí)例變量名(Symbol) 的Dump(1) | 值(1) |
          :
          :
| 實(shí)例變量名(Symbol) 的Dump(n) | 值(n) |

例 1:

p Marshal.Dump(Object.new).unpack("x2 a a c a*")
# => ["o", ":", 11, "Object\000"]

例 2: 有實(shí)例變量

class Foo
  def initialize
    @foo = "foo"
    @bar = "bar"
  end
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo.new).unpack("x2 a a c a3 c aca4 aca3 aca4 aca3")
# => ["o", ":", 8, "Foo", 7,
      ":", 9, "@bar", "\"", 8, "bar",
      ":", 9, "@foo", "\"", 8, "foo"]

Float

'f'

| 'f' | 數(shù)串的長度(Fixnum形式) | "%.16g" 的字符串 |

例:

p Marshal.Dump(Math::PI).unpack("x2 a c a*")
# => ["f", 22, "3.141592653589793"]

p Marshal.Dump(0.0/0).unpack("x2 a c a*")  # => ["f", 8, "nan"]
p Marshal.Dump(1.0/0).unpack("x2 a c a*")  # => ["f", 8, "inf"]
p Marshal.Dump(-1.0/0).unpack("x2 a c a*") # => ["f", 9, "-inf"]
p Marshal.Dump(-0.0).unpack("x2 a c a*")   # => ["f", 9, "-0"]

Bignum

'l'

| 'l' | '+'/'-' | short的個(gè)數(shù)(Fixnum形式) | ... |

例:

p Marshal.Dump(2**32).unpack("x2 a a c a*")
# => ["l", "+", 8, "\000\000\000\000\001\000"]

# => ["l", "+", 8, "\000\000\001\000"]  <- BUG: ruby version 1.6.3

String

'"'

| '"' | 長度(Fixnum形式) | 字符串 |

例:

p Marshal.Dump("hogehoge").unpack("x2 a c a*")
# => ["\"", 13, "hogehoge"]

Regexp

'/'

| '/' | 長度(Fixnum形式) | source字符串 | 選項(xiàng) |

選項(xiàng)是 options的結(jié)果+漢字代碼的flag值。

例:

p Marshal.Dump(/(hoge)*/).unpack("x2 a c a7 c")
# => ["/", 12, "(hoge)*", 0]

p Marshal.Dump(/hogehoge/m).unpack("x2 a c a8 c")
# => ["/", 13, "hogehoge", 4]

p Marshal.Dump(/hogehoge/e).unpack("x2 a c a8 c")

# => ["/", 13, "hogehoge", 32]

Array

'['

| '[' | 元素?cái)?shù)(Fixnum形式) | 元素的 Dump | ... |

例:

p Marshal.Dump(["hogehoge", /hogehoge/]).unpack("x2 a c aca8 aca*")
# => ["[", 7, "\"", 13, "hogehoge", "/", 13, "hogehoge\000"]

Hash

'{'

| '{' | 元素?cái)?shù)(Fixnum形式) | 鍵的 Dump | 值的 Dump | ... |

例:

p Marshal.Dump({"hogehoge", /hogehoge/}).unpack("x2 a c aca8 aca*")
# => ["{", 6, "\"", 13, "hogehoge", "/", 13, "hogehoge\000"]

Hash with default value ( not Proc )

'}'

| '}' | 元素?cái)?shù)(Fixnum形式) | 鍵的 Dump | 值的 Dump | ... | 默認(rèn)值 |

例:

h = Hash.new(true)
h["foo"] = "bar"
p Marshal.Dump(h).unpack("x2 a c aca3 aca*")
# => ["}", 6, "\"", 8, "foo", "\"", 8, "barT"]

若某Hash的默認(rèn)對(duì)象是Proc的話，則無法Dump該Hash

h = Hash.new { }
Marshal.Dump(h)
=> -:2:in `Dump': cannot Dump hash with default proc (TypeError)

Struct

'S': 結(jié)構(gòu)體類的實(shí)例的Dump

| 'S' | 類名(Symbol) 的 Dump | 成員數(shù)量(Fixnum形式) |
| 成員名(Symbol) 的 Dump | 值 | ... |

例:

Struct.new("XXX", :foo, :bar)
p Marshal.Dump(Struct::XXX.new).unpack("x2 a ac a11 c aca3a aca3a")
# => ["S", ":", 16, "Struct::XXX", 7,
      ":", 8, "foo", "0",
      ":", 8, "bar", "0"]

Class/Module (old format)

'M'

| 'M' | 長度(Fixnum形式) | 模塊/類名 |

例: 因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)無法dump這種形式，所以使用load進(jìn)行說明。

class Mod
end
p Marshal.load([4,7, 'M', 3+5, 'Mod'].pack("ccaca*"))
# => Mod

Class/Module

'c', 'm'

| 'c'/'m' | 類名的長度(Fixnum 形式) | 類名 |

例:

class Foo
end
p Marshal.Dump(Foo).unpack("x2 a c a*") # => ["c", 8, "Foo"]

例 2: 無法dump類/模塊的實(shí)例變量

module Bar
  @bar = 1
end
p Bar.instance_eval { @bar }
Marshal.Dump(Bar, open("/tmp/foo", "w"))
# => 1

module Bar
end
p bar = Marshal.load(open("/tmp/foo"))
p bar.instance_eval { @bar }
# => nil

例 3: 無法dump類變量

module Baz
  @@baz = 1
  def self.baz
    @@baz
  end
end
p Baz.baz
Marshal.Dump(Baz, open("/tmp/foo", "w"))
# => 1

module Baz
  def self.baz
    @@baz
  end
end
p baz = Marshal.load(open("/tmp/foo"))
baz.baz
# => Baz
     -:3:in `baz': uninitialized class variable @@baz in Baz (NameError)
             from -:7

Symbol

':'

| ':' | 符號(hào)名的長度(Fixnum形式) | 符號(hào)名 |

例:

p Marshal.Dump(:foo).unpack("x2 a c a*")
# => [":", 8, "foo"]

Symbol (link)

';'

| ';' | 表明Symbol實(shí)際狀態(tài)的號(hào)碼(Fixnum形式) |

在相應(yīng)符號(hào)名已被dump/load時(shí)使用。該號(hào)碼是內(nèi)部管理的號(hào)碼。(在dump/load時(shí)，會(huì)生成哈希表以便對(duì)Symbol進(jìn)行管理。它表示記錄位置)

例:

p Marshal.Dump([:foo, :foo]).unpack("x2 ac aca3 aC*")
# => ["[", 7, ":", 8, "foo", ";", 0]

p Marshal.Dump([:foo, :foo, :bar, :bar]).
    unpack("x2 ac aca3 aC aca3 aC*")
# => ["[", 9, ":", 8, "foo", ";", 0, ":", 8, "bar", ";", 6]

instance variable

'I': Object, Class, Module 的實(shí)例以外的對(duì)象

| 'I' | 對(duì)象的 Dump | 實(shí)例變量的數(shù)量(Fixnum形式) |
| 實(shí)例變量名(Symbol) 的Dump(1) | 值(1) |
          :
          :
| 實(shí)例變量名(Symbol) 的Dump(n) | 值(n) |

因?yàn)镺bject的實(shí)例中包含實(shí)例變量，所以會(huì)采用其他的形式進(jìn)行Dump(請(qǐng)參考Object)。該形式只針對(duì)Array 或 String 的實(shí)例。

例:

obj = String.new
obj.instance_eval { @foo = "bar" }
p Marshal.Dump(obj).unpack("x2 a ac c a c a4 aca*")
# => ["I", "\"", 0, 6, ":", 9, "@foo", "\"", 8, "bar"]

類或模塊(Class/Module的實(shí)例)不會(huì)dump實(shí)例變量的信息。(請(qǐng)參考Class/Module)

link

'@'

| '@' | 表明對(duì)象實(shí)際狀態(tài)的號(hào)碼(Fixnum形式 |

在相應(yīng)對(duì)象已被dump/load時(shí)使用。該號(hào)碼是內(nèi)部管理的號(hào)碼。(在dump/load時(shí)，會(huì)生成哈希表以便對(duì)對(duì)象進(jìn)行管理。它表示記錄位置)

例:

obj = Object.new
p Marshal.Dump([obj, obj]).unpack("x2 ac aaca6c aca*")
# => ["[", 7, "o", ":", 11, "Object", 0, "@", 6, ""]

ary = []
ary.push ary
p Marshal.Dump(ary).unpack("x2 acac")

# => ["[", 6, "@", 0]

Marshal 的BUG

在ruby version 1.6中發(fā)現(xiàn)了下列BUG。括號(hào)()中列出的是正確的運(yùn)作方式(1.7的運(yùn)作方式)。

<= 1.6.7

• 類的clone中的實(shí)例是可以Dump的，但卻不能加載(因?yàn)槭菬o名類的對(duì)象，所以無法Dump)
• 當(dāng)某對(duì)象通過include/extend無名Module而定義了特殊方法后，仍可以Dump/加載該對(duì)象(若某對(duì)象include了無名模塊的話，則不能Dump該對(duì)象)

1.6.6, 1.6.7

• 擁有實(shí)例變量的Array和String是可以Dump的，但卻不能加載(既能Dump，又能加載)

<= 1.6.5

• 類的clone中的實(shí)例是可以Dump的，但卻不能正常加載。否則就會(huì)生成奇怪的對(duì)象(?)
• 特殊類被dump成為普通類了(特殊類是無法Dump的)
• 無名類是可以Dump的，但卻不能加載(無名類是無法Dump的)

<= 1.6.4

• 模塊可以Dump卻不能加載(可以加載)
• 無名模塊可以Dump卻不能加載(無名模塊是不能Dump的)

<= 1.6.3

• dump Float時(shí)，其保存精度偏低

<= 1.6.2

• dump時(shí)，無法保存正則表達(dá)式中/m, /x 選項(xiàng)的狀態(tài)

1.6.2, 1.6.3

• 在1.6.2, 1.6.3中，Bignum可以Dump卻不能加載。按理說其他版本也會(huì)有這個(gè)BUG，但因?yàn)闆]有測試腳本，所以無法證實(shí)。

<= 1.6.1

• dump時(shí)無法保存Range中的特定標(biāo)識(shí)，該標(biāo)識(shí)表明該范圍中是否包含終點(diǎn)

下面就是測試腳本(請(qǐng)參考[RAA:RubyUnit])

# test for Marshal for ruby version 1.6
require 'rubyunit'

$version_dependent_behavior = true
# for test_userClass, test_userModule
module UserModule
  def foo
  end
end
class UserClass
  def foo
  end
end

class TestMarshal < RUNIT::TestCase

  def assert_no_Dumpable(obj)
    ex = assert_exception(TypeError) {
      begin
        # Marshal.Dump will cause TypeError or ArgumentError
        Marshal.Dump obj
      rescue ArgumentError
        case $!.message
        when /can't Dump anonymous/,
             /cannot Dump hash with default proc/
          raise TypeError
        else
          raise "unknown error"
        end
      end
    }
  end
  def assert_Dumpable_but_not_equal(obj)
    obj2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump(obj))
    assert(obj != obj2)
    assert_equals(obj.type, obj2.type)
  end
  def assert_Dumpable_and_equal(obj)
    obj2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump(obj))
    assert_equals(obj, obj2)
    assert_equals(obj.type, obj2.type)

    # check values of instance variable
    ivars = obj.instance_variables
    ivars2 = obj2.instance_variables
    assert_equals(ivars, ivars2)
    while ivars.size != 0
      assert_equals(obj.instance_eval(ivars.shift),
                    obj2.instance_eval(ivars2.shift))
    end
  end

  def test_Object
    assert_Dumpable_but_not_equal Object.new
  end

  # object with singleton method
  def test_Object_with_singleton_method
    obj = Object.new
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.2, cause parse error (nested method)
    class <<obj
      def foo
      end
    end

    # object has singleton method can't be Dumped
    assert_no_Dumpable obj
  end

  # object with singleton method (with named module)
  def test_Object_with_singleton_method2
    obj = Object.new
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.2, cause parse error (nested method)
    class <<obj
      include UserModule
    end

    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.7, no consider the singleton
    # method with Mix-in.
    # On ruby version 1.7, Dumpable object which is extended by
    # named module.
    assert_Dumpable_but_not_equal obj
  end

  # object with singleton method (with anonymous module)
  def test_Object_with_singleton_method3
    obj = Object.new
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.2, cause parse error (nested method)
    class <<obj
      include Module.new
    end

    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= "1.6.7"
      # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.7, no consider the singleton method with Mix-in.
      assert_Dumpable_but_not_equal obj
    else
      # object has singleton method (with anonymous module) can't be Dumped
      assert_no_Dumpable obj
    end
  end

  # singleton class
  def test_singletonClass
    obj = Object.new
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.2, cause parse error (nested method)
    singleton_class = class <<obj
                        def foo
                        end
                        self
                      end

    # singleton class can't be Dumped
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.5, singleton class be able to Dumped
    # as normal class.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= "1.6.5"
      assert_equals(Object, Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump(singleton_class)))
    else
      assert_no_Dumpable singleton_class
    end
  end

  def test_Array
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal [1,"foo", :foo]
  end

  def test_Array_with_instance_variable
    ary = [1,"foo", :foo]
    ary.instance_eval{ @var = 1 }

    if $version_dependent_behavior and %w(1.6.6 1.6.7).member?(RUBY_VERSION)
      # On ruby version 1.6.6 - 1.6.7, Array(or String ...) has instance
      # variable is able to be Dumped, but can't load it.
      Dump = Marshal.Dump(ary)
      ex = assert_exception(ArgumentError) {
        Marshal.load(Dump)
      }
    else
      assert_Dumpable_and_equal ary
    end
  end

  def test_Binding
    assert_no_Dumpable binding
  end

  def test_Continuation
    assert_no_Dumpable callcc {|c| c}
  end

  def test_Data
    # assert_fail("")
  end

  def test_Exception
    assert_Dumpable_but_not_equal Exception.new("hoge")
  end

  def test_Dir
    assert_no_Dumpable Dir.open("/")
  end

  def test_FalseClass
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal false
  end

  def test_File__Stat
    assert_no_Dumpable File.stat("/")
  end

  def test_Hash
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal(1=>"1",2=>"2")

    # 1.7 feature.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION >= '1.7.0'
      # On ruby version 1.7, hash with default Proc cannot be Dumped.
      # see [ruby-dev:15417]
      assert_no_Dumpable(Hash.new { })
    end
  end

  def test_IO
    assert_no_Dumpable IO.new(0)
  end

  def test_File
    assert_no_Dumpable File.open("/")
  end

  def test_MatchData
    assert_no_Dumpable(/foo/ =~ "foo" && $~)
  end

  def test_Method
    assert_no_Dumpable Object.method(:method)
  end

  def test_UnboundMethod
    assert_no_Dumpable Object.instance_method(:id)
  end

  def test_Module
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.4, loaded module is not a module.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.4'
      Dump = Marshal.Dump Enumerable
      ex = assert_exception(TypeError) {
        Marshal.load Dump
      }
      assert_matches(ex.message, /is not a module/)
    else
      assert_Dumpable_and_equal Enumerable
    end
  end

  def test_userModule
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.4, loaded module is not a module.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.4'
      # same as test_Module
    else
      # Note: this module must be defineed for Marshal.load.
      assert_Dumpable_and_equal(UserModule)
    end
  end

  def test_anonymousModule
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.4, anonymous class is able to be Dumped,
    # but loaded object is not identical.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.4'
      Dump = Marshal.Dump(Module.new)
      ex = assert_exception(ArgumentError) {
        Marshal.load Dump
      }
      assert_matches(ex.message, /can\'t retrieve anonymous class/)
    else
      assert_no_Dumpable Module.new
    end
  end

  def test_Class
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal Class
  end

  def test_userClass
    # Note: this class must be defineed for Marshal.load.
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal(UserClass)
  end
  def test_anonymousClass
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.5, anonymous class able to be Dumped,
    # but can't load it.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.5'
      Dump = Marshal.Dump(Class.new)
      ex = assert_exception(ArgumentError) {
        Marshal.load(Dump)
      }
      assert_matches(ex.message, /can\'t retrieve anonymous class/)
    else
      assert_no_Dumpable Class.new
    end
  end

  def test_clonedClass
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.7, instance of cloned class is able to
    # Dumped, but loaded object is not identical.
    # see [ruby-dev:14961]
    if $version_dependent_behavior
      if RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.5'
        obj = String.clone.new("foo")
        Dump = Marshal.Dump(obj)
        obj2 = Marshal.load Dump
        assert(obj == obj2)
        assert(obj.type != obj2.type)
        assert(obj.type.inspect == obj2.type.inspect)
      elsif RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.7'
        Dump = Marshal.Dump(String.clone.new("foo"))
        assert_exception(ArgumentError) {
          Marshal.load Dump
        }
      else
        assert_no_Dumpable String.clone.new("foo")
      end
    else
      # anonymous class can't be Dumped
      assert_no_Dumpable String.clone.new("foo")
    end
  end

  def test_Numeric
    # assert_fail("")
  end

  def test_Integer
    # assert_fail("")
  end

  def test_Fixnum
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal 100
  end

  def test_Bignum
    # derived from Rubicon
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal 123456789012345678901234567890
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal -123**99
    if $version_dependent_behavior and %w(1.6.2 1.6.3).member?(RUBY_VERSION)
      Dump = Marshal.Dump 2**32
      ex = assert_exception(ArgumentError) {
        Marshal.load(Dump)
      }
      assert_matches(ex.message, /marshal data too short/)
    else
      assert_Dumpable_and_equal 2**32
    end
  end

  def test_Float
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal 1.41421356

    # On ruby version 1.6.4, Dumped format changed from "%.12g" to "%.16g"
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.3'
      assert_Dumpable_but_not_equal Math::PI
    else
      assert_Dumpable_and_equal Math::PI
    end
  end

  def test_Proc
    assert_no_Dumpable proc { }
  end

  def test_Process__Status
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal system("true") && $?
  end

  def test_Range
    # Range#== is changed from 1.6.2
    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.1, Range.new(1,2) != Range.new(1,2)
    # assert_Dumpable_and_equal 1..2
    # assert_Dumpable_and_equal 1...2

    obj = Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump 1..2)
    assert_equals(1, obj.begin)
    assert_equals(2, obj.end)
    assert_equals(false, obj.exclude_end?)

    obj = Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump 1...2)
    assert_equals(1, obj.begin)
    assert_equals(2, obj.end)

    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.1, the attribute exclude_end? is not saved.
    if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.1'
      assert_equals(false, obj.exclude_end?)
    else
      assert_equals(true, obj.exclude_end?)
    end
  end

  def test_Regexp
    # this test is no consider the /foo/p
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/i
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/m
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/x
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/e
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/s
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal /foo/u

    # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.2, Regexp#== is ignore the option.
    for obj in [/foo/, /foo/i, /foo/m, /foo/x, /foo/e, /foo/s, /foo/u]
      obj2 = Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump obj)

      if $version_dependent_behavior and RUBY_VERSION <= '1.6.2' and
          %w(/foo/m /foo/x).member?(obj.inspect)
        # On ruby version 1.6.0 - 1.6.2,
        # //m options is not saved.
        assert_equals('/foo/', obj2.inspect)
      else
        assert_equals(obj.inspect, obj2.inspect)
      end
    end
  end

  def test_String
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal "foo"
  end

  def test_Struct
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal Struct.new("Foo", :foo, :bar)

    Object.const_set('Foo', Struct.new(:foo, :bar))
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal Foo
  end

  def test_aStruct
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal Struct.new("Bar", :foo, :bar).new("foo", "bar")

    # see [ruby-dev:14961]
  end

  def test_Symbol
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal :foo
  end

  def test_Thread
    assert_no_Dumpable Thread.new { sleep }
  end

  def test_ThreadGroup
    assert_no_Dumpable ThreadGroup::Default
  end

  def test_Time
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal Time.now
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal Time.now.gmtime

    # time zone is not saved.
    assert_equals(false, Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump(Time.now)).utc?)
    assert_equals(false, Marshal.load(Marshal.Dump(Time.now.gmtime)).utc?)
  end

  def test_TrueClass
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal true
  end

  def test_NilClass
    assert_Dumpable_and_equal nil
  end
end