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What an abstract question. In general, any available framework is a concrete implementation.

Well, there are specific functions implemented, which avoids the underlying operations of Connection, statement, resultsset, etc. However, the result may be a slight decrease in performance compared to directly operating the underlying data.

Now we still use the underlying jdbcAPI. Except for the long-term system that needs maintenance, all we have left is faith. Nowadays, the world is dominated by various ORMs. Even if you don't use ORM, springjdbc is a good choice.