Name

git-push  - 更新遠(yuǎn)程引用以及關(guān)聯(lián)的對(duì)象

概要

git push [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [--atomic] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]           [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-d | --delete] [--prune] [-v | --verbose]           [-u | --set-upstream] [--push-option=<string>]           [--[no-]signed|--sign=(true|false|if-asked)]           [--force-with-lease[=<refname>[:<expect>]]]           [--no-verify] [<repository> [<refspec>…]]

描述

使用本地引用更新遠(yuǎn)程引用，同時(shí)發(fā)送完成給定引用所需的對(duì)象。

您可以在每次進(jìn)入存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)時(shí)通過(guò)在存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)中設(shè)置有趣的事情hooks。請(qǐng)參閱 git-receive-pack [1] 的文檔。

當(dāng)命令行未指定將<repository>參數(shù)推branch.*.remote送到何處時(shí)，將查閱當(dāng)前分支的配置以確定推送的位置。如果配置丟失，則默認(rèn)為origin。

當(dāng)在命令行中沒(méi)有指定，可以把什么<refspec>...參數(shù)或--all，--mirror，--tags選項(xiàng)，該命令將查找默認(rèn)<refspec>通過(guò)咨詢remote.*.push配置，如果沒(méi)有找到它，榮譽(yù)push.default配置來(lái)決定推什么（請(qǐng)查看 git-config[1]為）push.default 的意思。

如果命令行和配置均未指定要推送的內(nèi)容，則使用默認(rèn)行為，該行為對(duì)應(yīng)于以下simple值push.default：當(dāng)前分支被推送到相應(yīng)的上游分支，但作為安全措施，如果上游分公司不具有與本地名稱相同的名稱。

選項(xiàng)

<repository>

作為推送操作目標(biāo)的“遠(yuǎn)程”存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)。此參數(shù)可以是 URL（請(qǐng)參閱下面的 GIT URLS 部分）或遠(yuǎn)程名稱（請(qǐng)參閱下面的 REMOTES 部分）。

<refspec>…

指定源對(duì)象要更新的目標(biāo)引用。一個(gè) <refspec> 參數(shù)的格式是一個(gè)可選的 plus +，后面是源對(duì)象 <src> ，后面是一個(gè)冒號(hào):，后面是目標(biāo) ref <dst> 。

<src> 通常是您想要推送的分支的名稱，但它可以是任意的“SHA-1表達(dá)式”，例如master~4 或 HEAD（請(qǐng)參閱 gitrevisions [7] ）。

<dst> 通過(guò)這個(gè)推送來(lái)告訴遠(yuǎn)程端的哪個(gè) ref 被更新。任意表達(dá)式不能在這里使用，必須命名實(shí)際的引用。如果git push [<repository>]沒(méi)有任何<refspec>參數(shù)設(shè)置為<src>使用remote.<repository>.push配置變量更新目標(biāo)中的某個(gè) ref  ，:<dst>則可以省略部分 - 這樣的推送將更新<src>通常<refspec>在命令行上沒(méi)有任何更新的 ref 。否則，缺少:<dst>意味著更新相同的參考作為<src>。

由 <src> 引用的對(duì)象用于更新遠(yuǎn)程端的 <dst> 引用。默認(rèn)情況下，只有當(dāng) <dst> 不是標(biāo)簽（帶注釋或輕量級(jí)標(biāo)簽）時(shí)才允許使用，并且只有在它可以快速轉(zhuǎn)發(fā) <dst> 時(shí)才允許使用。通過(guò)具有可選的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)+，你可以讓 Git 更新 <DST> REF 即使是默認(rèn)不允許的（比如，它不是一個(gè)快進(jìn)。）這并不會(huì)試圖合并<來(lái)源>為 <DST> 。有關(guān)詳細(xì)信息，請(qǐng)參閱下面的示例。

tag <tag> means the same as refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>.

推送一個(gè)空的 <src>允許你從遠(yuǎn)程倉(cāng)庫(kù)中刪除 <dst> ref 。

特殊 refspec :（或+:允許非快進(jìn)更新）指示 Git 推送“匹配”分支：對(duì)于本地存在的每個(gè)分支，如果遠(yuǎn)程已存在的同名分支已經(jīng)存在，則更新遠(yuǎn)程端側(cè)。

--all

推送所有分支（即參考下refs/heads/）; 不能與其他 <refspec> 一起使用。

--prune

刪除沒(méi)有本地副本的遠(yuǎn)程分支。例如，tmp如果具有相同名稱的本地分支不再存在，則遠(yuǎn)程分支將被刪除。這也尊重 refspecs ，例如git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/*，refs/tmp/foo如果refs/heads/foo不存在，將確保遠(yuǎn)程將被刪除。

--mirror

代替命名每個(gè)裁判推的，指定了下的所有參考文獻(xiàn)refs/（包括但不限于refs/heads/，refs/remotes/和refs/tags/）被鏡像到遠(yuǎn)程存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)。新創(chuàng)建的本地參考將被推送到遠(yuǎn)端，本地更新的參考將在遠(yuǎn)端強(qiáng)制更新，刪除的參考將從遠(yuǎn)端移除。如果remote.<remote>.mirror設(shè)置了配置選項(xiàng)，這是默認(rèn)值。

-n   --dry-run

做除了實(shí)際發(fā)送更新之外的其他事

--porcelain

生成機(jī)器可讀的輸出。每個(gè) ref 的輸出狀態(tài)行將被制表符分隔并發(fā)送到 stdout 而不是 stderr 。將給出參考文獻(xiàn)的完整符號(hào)名稱。

--delete

所有列出的 ref 都從遠(yuǎn)程存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)中刪除。這與用冒號(hào)前綴所有引用相同。

--tags

refs/tags除了在命令行中明確列出的 refspecs 之外，所有 refs 都將被推送。

--follow-tags

推送所有沒(méi)有此選項(xiàng)時(shí)將被推送的引用，并且推送refs/tags遠(yuǎn)程引用中缺少的帶注釋的標(biāo)簽，但指向可從所推送的引用訪問(wèn)的提交標(biāo)識(shí)。這也可以通過(guò)配置變量來(lái)指定push.followTags。有關(guān)更多信息，請(qǐng)參閱push.followTags git-config [1]。

--no-signed   --sign=(true|false|if-asked)

GPG - 簽署推送請(qǐng)求以更新接收端的 refs，以便通過(guò)鉤子檢查和/或記錄。如果false或者--no-signed，不會(huì)嘗試簽名。如果true或者--signed，如果服務(wù)器不支持簽名推送，推送將失敗。如果設(shè)置為if-asked，則當(dāng)且僅當(dāng)服務(wù)器支持簽名推送時(shí)簽名。如果實(shí)際的呼叫gpg --sign失敗，推送也會(huì)失敗。有關(guān)接收端的詳細(xì)信息，請(qǐng)參閱 git-receive-pack [1]。

--no-atomic

如果可用，請(qǐng)?jiān)谶h(yuǎn)程端使用原子事務(wù)。要么所有的參考文獻(xiàn)都被更新，要么出錯(cuò)，沒(méi)有參考文獻(xiàn)被更新。如果服務(wù)器不支持原子推送，推送將失敗。

-o   --push-option

將給定的字符串傳送給服務(wù)器，服務(wù)器將它們傳遞給預(yù)接收以及接收后掛接。給定的字符串不能包含 NUL 或 LF 字符。

--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>   --exec=<git-receive-pack>

git-receive-pack遠(yuǎn)程端程序的路徑。通過(guò) ssh 推送到遠(yuǎn)程存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)時(shí)有用，而且您沒(méi)有默認(rèn) $ PATH 目錄中的程序。

--no-force-with-lease   --force-with-lease=<refname>   --force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>

通常，“git push”拒絕更新一個(gè)不是本地 ref 的祖先的遠(yuǎn)程 ref ，用于覆蓋它。

如果遠(yuǎn)程 ref 的當(dāng)前值是期望值，則此選項(xiàng)將覆蓋此限制。否則，“git push”會(huì)失敗。

想象一下，你必須重新發(fā)布你已經(jīng)發(fā)布的內(nèi)容。您將不得不繞過(guò)“必須快進(jìn)”規(guī)則，以便用最新發(fā)布的歷史記錄替換您最初發(fā)布的歷史記錄。如果其他人在重新裝修時(shí)建立在原始?xì)v史的基礎(chǔ)上，則遙控器分支的尖端可能會(huì)隨著承諾而前進(jìn)，而盲目推動(dòng)--force則會(huì)失去她的工作。

這個(gè)選項(xiàng)允許你說(shuō)你期望你正在更新的歷史是你重新設(shè)計(jì)和想要取代的。如果遠(yuǎn)程引用仍然指向你指定的提交，你可以確定沒(méi)有其他人對(duì)引用做任何事情。這就像在 ref 上“租賃”而不顯式鎖定它，只有當(dāng)“租約”仍然有效時(shí)才更新遠(yuǎn)程參考。

--force-with-lease 單獨(dú)的，沒(méi)有指定細(xì)節(jié)，將通過(guò)要求它們的當(dāng)前值與我們對(duì)它們的遠(yuǎn)程跟蹤分支相同來(lái)保護(hù)將被更新的所有遠(yuǎn)程參考。

--force-with-lease=<refname>，而不指定期望值，如果它將要更新，將通過(guò)要求它的當(dāng)前值與我們?yōu)樗倪h(yuǎn)程跟蹤分支相同來(lái)保護(hù)指定的 ref（單獨(dú)）。

--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>將保護(hù)指定的 ref（單獨(dú)），如果它將被更新，則通過(guò)要求其當(dāng)前值與指定值相同<expect>（其可以不同于我們針對(duì) refname 的遠(yuǎn)程跟蹤分支），或者當(dāng)使用這種形式時(shí)，我們甚至不需要有這樣的遠(yuǎn)程追蹤分支）。如果<expect>是空字符串，那么命名的 ref 必須不存在。

請(qǐng)注意，除此之外的所有形式--force-with-lease=<refname>:<expect>明確指定 ref 的預(yù)期當(dāng)前值仍然是實(shí)驗(yàn)性的，并且隨著我們獲得此功能的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，它們的語(yǔ)義可能會(huì)改變。

“--no-force-with-lease”將在命令行中取消之前的所有--force-with-lease。

安全的一般注意事項(xiàng)：無(wú)預(yù)期值提供這個(gè)選項(xiàng)，即作為--force-with-lease或--force-with-lease=<refname>任何事情非常糟糕交互隱含運(yùn)行git fetch遙控器上的在后臺(tái)推到，例如git fetch origin在一個(gè)你存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)的 cronjob 。

它提供的保護(hù)措施--force是確保您的工作不基于的后續(xù)更改不會(huì)被破壞，但如果某些后臺(tái)進(jìn)程正在更新后臺(tái)中的 refs ，則會(huì)被輕微擊敗。除了遠(yuǎn)程追蹤信息外，我們沒(méi)有任何東西可以作為啟發(fā)式參考，您預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)看到并愿意詆毀。

如果您的編輯器或其他系統(tǒng)正在git fetch后臺(tái)運(yùn)行，則可以采取以下措施來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化此操作：只需設(shè)置另一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)備：

git remote add origin-push $(git config remote.origin.url)git fetch origin-push

現(xiàn)在當(dāng)后臺(tái)進(jìn)程運(yùn)行時(shí)git fetch origin，引用origin-push將不會(huì)被更新，因此命令如下所示：

git push --force-with-lease origin-push

除非您手動(dòng)運(yùn)行，否則會(huì)失敗git fetch origin-push。這種方法當(dāng)然完全被運(yùn)行的東西擊敗git fetch --all，在這種情況下，你需要禁用它或者做一些更乏味的事情，比如：

git fetch              # update 'master' from remote
git tag base master    # mark our base point
git rebase -i master   # rewrite some commits
git push --force-with-lease=master:base master:master

base即為上游代碼的版本創(chuàng)建一個(gè)標(biāo)簽，這些代碼是您已經(jīng)看到并愿意覆蓋的版本，然后重寫歷史記錄，最后master在遠(yuǎn)程版本仍在時(shí)強(qiáng)制推送更改base，無(wú)論您的本地remotes/origin/master更新為背景。

-f   --force

通常，該命令拒絕更新遠(yuǎn)程 ref ，該遠(yuǎn)程 ref 不是用于覆蓋它的本地 ref 的祖先。另外，當(dāng)使用--force-with-lease選項(xiàng)時(shí)，該命令拒絕更新當(dāng)前值與預(yù)期值不匹配的遠(yuǎn)程參考。

該標(biāo)志會(huì)禁用這些檢查，并可能導(dǎo)致遠(yuǎn)程存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)丟失提交; 小心使用它。

請(qǐng)注意，--force適用于所有推入的 ref，因此使用它push.default設(shè)置為matching或配置有多個(gè)推送目標(biāo)，remote.*.push可能會(huì)覆蓋當(dāng)前分支以外的引用（包括嚴(yán)格位于其遠(yuǎn)程對(duì)象之后的本地引用）。要強(qiáng)制只推送一個(gè)分支，可以使用+refspec前面的一個(gè)按鈕（例如git push origin +master強(qiáng)制推送master分支）。有關(guān)<refspec>...詳情，請(qǐng)參閱上面的部分。

--repo=<repository>

該選項(xiàng)等同于 <repository> 參數(shù)。如果兩者都指定，則命令行參數(shù)優(yōu)先。

-u   --set-upstream

對(duì)于最新或成功推送的每個(gè)分支，添加無(wú)參數(shù) git-pull [1] 和其他命令使用的上游（跟蹤）引用。有關(guān)更多信息，請(qǐng)參閱branch.<name>.merge git-config [1]。

--no-thin

這些選項(xiàng)被傳遞給 git-send-pack [1]。當(dāng)發(fā)送方和接收方共享許多相同的對(duì)象時(shí)，精簡(jiǎn)傳輸可顯著減少發(fā)送的數(shù)據(jù)量。默認(rèn)值是 --thin 。

-q   --quiet

抑制所有輸出，包括更新的引用列表，除非發(fā)生錯(cuò)誤。進(jìn)度未報(bào)告給標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錯(cuò)誤流。

-v   --verbose

運(yùn)行詳細(xì)。

--progress

當(dāng)連接到終端時(shí)，默認(rèn)情況下，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錯(cuò)誤流中會(huì)報(bào)告進(jìn)度狀態(tài)，除非指定了 -q 。即使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錯(cuò)誤流未定向到終端，此標(biāo)志也會(huì)強(qiáng)制進(jìn)度狀態(tài)。

-  no-recurse-submodules --recurse-submodules = check | on-demand | only | no

可用于確保所推送的版本所使用的所有子模塊提交在遠(yuǎn)程跟蹤分支上可用。如果check使用，Git 將驗(yàn)證子模塊的至少一個(gè)遠(yuǎn)程模塊上是否有可供推送中修改的所有子模塊提交。如果缺少任何提交，推送將被中止并以非零狀態(tài)退出。如果on-demand使用了所有在修訂中被更改的子模塊將被推送。如果按需無(wú)法推送所有必需的修訂，它也會(huì)被中止并以非零狀態(tài)退出。如果only使用了所有子模塊，則在超級(jí)項(xiàng)目處于未放置狀態(tài)時(shí)將遞歸推送所有子模塊。值no或使用--no-recurse-submodules 可用于在不需要子模塊遞歸時(shí)覆蓋 push.recurseSubmodules 配置變量。

--no-verify

切換預(yù)推鉤（見(jiàn) githooks [5]）。默認(rèn)值是 - 驗(yàn)證，使鉤子有機(jī)會(huì)阻止推送。使用 --no-verify ，掛鉤完全被旁路。

-4   --ipv4

僅使用 IPv4 地址，忽略 IPv6 地址。

-6   --ipv6

僅使用 IPv6 地址，忽略 IPv4 地址。

Git 網(wǎng)址

通常，URL 包含有關(guān)傳輸協(xié)議，遠(yuǎn)程服務(wù)器地址和存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)路徑的信息。根據(jù)傳輸協(xié)議，這些信息可能不存在。

Git 支持 ssh，git，http 和 https 協(xié)議（另外，ftp 和 ftps 可用于提取，但效率低下，不推薦使用;不要使用它）。

本地傳輸（即 git：// URL）不進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證，因此在不安全的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎使用。

以下語(yǔ)法可以與它們一起使用：

• ssh://user@host.xz:port/path/to/repo.git/

• git://host.xz:port/path/to/repo.git/

• https://host.xz:port/path/to/repo.git/

• ftps://host.xz:port/path/to/repo.git/

ssh 協(xié)議也可以使用另一種類似 scp 的語(yǔ)法：

• user@host.xz：path / to / repo.git /只有在第一個(gè)冒號(hào)前沒(méi)有斜線時(shí)才能識(shí)別此語(yǔ)法。這有助于區(qū)分包含冒號(hào)的本地路徑。例如，本地路徑foo:bar可以被指定為絕對(duì)路徑或./foo:bar避免被誤解為 ssh url 。ssh 和 git 協(xié)議還支持用戶名擴(kuò)展：

• ssh://user@host.xz:port/~user/path/to/repo.git/

• git://host.xz:port/~user/path/to/repo.git/

• user@host.xz:/~user/path/to/repo.git/

對(duì)于本地支持的本地存儲(chǔ)庫(kù)，可以使用以下語(yǔ)法：

• /path/to/repo.git/

• file:///path/to/repo.git/

這兩種語(yǔ)法大多是相同的，除了克隆時(shí)，前者意味著 --local 選項(xiàng)。有關(guān)詳細(xì)信息，請(qǐng)參閱 git-clone [1]。

當(dāng) Git 不知道如何處理某個(gè)傳輸協(xié)議時(shí)，它會(huì)嘗試使用remote-<transport>遠(yuǎn)程助手（如果存在）。要顯式請(qǐng)求遠(yuǎn)程助手，可以使用以下語(yǔ)法：

• <transport>::<address>where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being invoked. See gitremote-helpers[1] for details.If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you use will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a configuration section of the form:        [url "<actual url base>"]                insteadOf = <other url base>For example, with this:        [url "git://git.host.xz/"]                insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/                insteadOf = work:a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten in any context that takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a configuration section of the form:        [url "<actual url base>"]                pushInsteadOf = <other url base>For example, with this:        [url "ssh://example.org/"]                pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still use the original URL.RemotesThe name of one of the following can be used instead of a URL as <repository> argument:

• a remote in the Git configuration file: $GIT_DIR/config,

• a file in the $GIT_DIR/remotes directory, or

• a file in the $GIT_DIR/branches directory.

All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line because they each contain a refspec which git will use by default.

Named remote in configuration file

You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously configured using git-remote[1], git-config[1] or even by a manual edit to the $GIT_DIR/config file. The URL of this remote will be used to access the repository. The refspec of this remote will be used by default when you do not provide a refspec on the command line. The entry in the config file would appear like this:

        [remote "<name>"]
                url = <url>
                pushurl = <pushurl>
                push = <refspec>
                fetch = <refspec>

The <pushurl> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults to <url>.

Named file in $GIT_DIR/remotes

You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/remotes. The URL in this file will be used to access the repository. The refspec in this file will be used as default when you do not provide a refspec on the command line. This file should have the following format:

        URL: one of the above URL format
        Push: <refspec>
        Pull: <refspec>

Push: lines are used by git push and Pull: lines are used by git pull and git fetch. Multiple Push: and Pull: lines may be specified for additional branch mappings.

Named file in $GIT_DIR/branches

You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/branches. The URL in this file will be used to access the repository. This file should have the following format:

        <url>#<head>

<url> is required; #<head> is optional.

Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following refspecs, if you don’t provide one on the command line. <branch> is the name of this file in $GIT_DIR/branches and <head> defaults to master.

git fetch uses:

        refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch>

git push uses:

        HEAD:refs/heads/<head>

Output

The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this section describes the output when pushing over the Git protocol (either locally or via ssh).

The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line representing the status of a single ref. Each line is of the form:

 <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)

If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:

 <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)

The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose option is used.

flag

A single character indicating the status of the ref:

(space)

for a successfully pushed fast-forward;

+

for a successful forced update;

-

for a successfully deleted ref;

*

for a successfully pushed new ref;

!

for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and

=

for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.

summary

For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to git log (this is <old>..<new> in most cases, and <old>...<new> for forced non-fast-forward updates).

For a failed update, more details are given:

rejected

Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it is not a fast-forward and you did not force the update.

remote rejected

The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook on the remote side, or because the remote repository has one of the following safety options in effect: receive.denyCurrentBranch (for pushes to the checked out branch), receive.denyNonFastForwards (for forced non-fast-forward updates), receive.denyDeletes or receive.denyDeleteCurrent. See git-config[1].

remote failure

The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref, perhaps because of a temporary error on the remote side, a break in the network connection, or other transient error.

from

The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its refs/<type>/ prefix. In the case of deletion, the name of the local ref is omitted.

to

The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its refs/<type>/ prefix.

reason

A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described.

Note about fast-forwards

When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.

In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.

In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example, suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history leading to commit A. The history looks like this:

      B     / ---X---A

Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A back to the original repository from which you two obtained the original commit X.

The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.

But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that now points at A) with commit B. This does not fast-forward. If you did so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody will now start building on top of B.

The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward to prevent such loss of history.

If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) or the work by the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done by both parties, and push the result back.

You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push" the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A and B.

      B---C     /   / ---X---A

Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your push will be accepted.

Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A, with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of A.

      B   D     /   / ---X---A

Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be accepted.

There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A (and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for a case where you do mean to lose history.

Examples

git push

Works like git push <remote>, where <remote> is the current branch’s remote (or origin, if no remote is configured for the current branch).

git push origin

Without additional configuration, pushes the current branch to the configured upstream (remote.origin.merge configuration variable) if it has the same name as the current branch, and errors out without pushing otherwise.

The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be configured by setting the push option of the remote, or the push.default configuration variable.

For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to origin use git config remote.origin.push HEAD. Any valid <refspec> (like the ones in the examples below) can be configured as the default for git push origin.

git push origin :

Push "matching" branches to origin. See <refspec> in the OPTIONS section above for a description of "matching" branches.

git push origin master

Find a ref that matches master in the source repository (most likely, it would find refs/heads/master), and update the same ref (e.g. refs/heads/master) in origin repository with it. If master did not exist remotely, it would be created.

git push origin HEAD

A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the remote.

git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev

Use the source ref that matches master (e.g. refs/heads/master) to update the ref that matches satellite/master (most probably refs/remotes/satellite/master) in the mothership repository; do the same for dev and satellite/dev.

This is to emulate git fetch run on the mothership using git push that is run in the opposite direction in order to integrate the work done on satellite, and is often necessary when you can only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into mothership but mothership cannot initiate connection to satellite because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).

After running this git push on the satellite machine, you would ssh into the mothership and run git merge there to complete the emulation of git pull that were run on mothership to pull changes made on satellite.

git push origin HEAD:master

Push the current branch to the remote ref matching master in the origin repository. This form is convenient to push the current branch without thinking about its local name.

git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental

Create the branch experimental in the origin repository by copying the current master branch. This form is only needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when the local name and the remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will work.

git push origin :experimental

Find a ref that matches experimental in the origin repository (e.g. refs/heads/experimental), and delete it.

git push origin +dev:master

Update the origin repository’s master branch with the dev branch, allowing non-fast-forward updates. This can leave unreferenced commits dangling in the origin repository. Consider the following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:

            o---o---o---A---B  origin/master
                     \
                      X---Y---Z  dev

The above command would change the origin repository to

                      A---B  (unnamed branch)                     /
            o---o---o---X---Y---Z  master

Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name, and so would be unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by a git gc command on the origin repository.

Security

The fetch and push protocols are not designed to prevent one side from stealing data from the other repository that was not intended to be shared. If you have private data that you need to protect from a malicious peer, your best option is to store it in another repository. This applies to both clients and servers. In particular, namespaces on a server are not effective for read access control; you should only grant read access to a namespace to clients that you would trust with read access to the entire repository.

The known attack vectors are as follows:

1. The victim sends "have" lines advertising the IDs of objects it has that are not explicitly intended to be shared but can be used to optimize the transfer if the peer also has them. The attacker chooses an object ID X to steal and sends a ref to X, but isn’t required to send the content of X because the victim already has it. Now the victim believes that the attacker has X, and it sends the content of X back to the attacker later. (This attack is most straightforward for a client to perform on a server, by creating a ref to X in the namespace the client has access to and then fetching it. The most likely way for a server to perform it on a client is to "merge" X into a public branch and hope that the user does additional work on this branch and pushes it back to the server without noticing the merge.)

1. As in #1, the attacker chooses an object ID X to steal. The victim sends an object Y that the attacker already has, and the attacker falsely claims to have X and not Y, so the victim sends Y as a delta against X. The delta reveals regions of X that are similar to Y to the attacker.