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Understanding Garbage Collection in the Java Virtual Machine

Garbage collection (GC) of JVM automatically manages memory through the tag-cleaning algorithm, marks accessible objects in the marking stage, recycles unreachable objects in the clearing stage, and organizes memory fragments in the optional compression stage; 2. Based on the generational hypothesis, the heap is divided into young generations (Eden and two Survivor areas, frequently performs fast MinorGC) and old generations (storing long-life-cycle objects, and less time-consuming MajorGC), as well as Metaspace for storing class metadata; 3. Modern commonly used GCs include G1 (balanced pause and throughput, suitable for most scenarios), ZGC (extremely low pause, suitable for large heap), Shenandoah (low pause and multi-core optimization), ParallelGC (throughput priority) and Seri

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:43 AM

Advanced Java Stream API Debugging

The key to debugging JavaStream API code is to master the correct method. 1. Use peek() to view intermediate results, but only debugging and pay attention to execution timing and order; 2. Split the flow operation into multiple steps to facilitate test and set breakpoints segment by segment; 3. Assist debugging in the IDE by inserting logs, conditional output or converting to a collection; 4. Pay attention to common traps such as multiplexed flow, parallel flow side effects, and non-lazy operations to avoid unpredictable behavior.

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:33 AM

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Migrating Monolithic Java Applications to Microservices

Migrating single Java applications to microservices need to be gradually split rather than rewrite. First, clarify the motivation and select the appropriate scope. Use the strangler model to prioritize high-value and low-coupling modules; second, based on domain-driven design, decomposed according to business capabilities, such as divided into independent services such as orders, inventory, and payment, and each service exclusively owns the data source; then process distributed transactions through event-driven architecture and Saga model, and use Kafka to achieve final consistency; at the same time, modern toolchains such as Docker and Kubernetes are introduced to build API gateways, service discovery and centralized monitoring systems; avoid distributed singles, and advocate asynchronous communication, clear API contracts and team autonomy; finally, through unit testing, contract testing and distributed tracking, quality is guaranteed, and iteratively implemented gradually.

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:28 AM

java for each loop example

The for-each loop is suitable when iterating through an array or collection without indexing or modifying the structure. 1. Suitable for obtaining each element and performing unified operations, such as printing, checking values or formatting; 2. Concise syntax: for (type variables: array/set), processing each element in sequence; 3. Restrictions include the inability to modify the collection structure, the inability to access the index, and the lack of support for reverse traversal; 4. In actual development, it is recommended to use scenarios where elements only need to be processed one by one, such as verifying input or processing logs.

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:16 AM

Connecting Java Applications to PostgreSQL with JDBC and HikariCP

AddPostgreSQLJDBCandHikariCPdependenciesviaMavenorGradle.2.ConfigureHikariCPwithdatabaseURL,credentials,poolsize,timeouts,andPostgreSQLoptimizationslikepreparedstatementcaching.3.UsetheHikariDataSourceinyourapplicationtoobtainpooledconnectionsandexec

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:15 AM

Building Real-time Java Applications with WebSockets

WebSocketsenablereal-timecommunicationinJavaappsbymaintainingopenconnections.1.UseJSR356viaJavaEE7 orframeworkslikeSpring.2.Ensureserversupport(Tomcat8 ,Jetty9 ,WildFly).3.AddMavendependencyandannotateendpointswith@ServerEndpoint.4.ManagesessionsviaS

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:03 AM

A Guide to Google Guava for Modern Java Developers

GuavaremainsvaluableformodernJavadevelopersbyprovidingimmutablecollectionslikeImmutableListandImmutableSet,whichensurethreadsafetyandpreventaccidentalmodifications.2.ItofferspracticalutilitiessuchasPreconditionsforcleaninputvalidation,Objects.equal()

Jul 25, 2025 am 02:01 AM

Serverless Java with AWS Lambda and API Gateway

JavacanbeeffectivelyusedwithAWSLambdaandAPIGatewaydespitecommonpreferencesforNode.jsorPython.1.Javaoffersstrongtyping,existingcodebasereuse,goodpost-warmperformance,andGraalVMsupportfornativecompilationtoreducecoldstarts.2.UseAWSLambdaJavaCoreandEven

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:55 AM

How to measure execution time in Java?

1. Use System.currentTimeMillis() to measure millisecond time-consuming, suitable for general scenarios; 2. Use System.nanoTime() to measure nanosecond accuracy, suitable for micro benchmarking; 3. Use JMH to perform professional benchmarking, suitable for performance comparison and formal scenarios. There are three main methods for measuring code execution time in Java: the first is to subtract the start and end timestamps by System.currentTimeMillis() to obtain the millisecond-level time-consuming, which is simple and intuitive but not high accuracy; the second is to use System.nanoTime() to obtain the nanosecond-level time difference with higher precision, which is suitable for small pieces of code that are sensitive to performance; the third is to use J

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:54 AM

Java Functional Programming Concepts and Patterns

The core concepts of Java support for functional programming include: 1. Use functional interfaces and Lambda expressions to simplify code, such as Function, Consumer, Predicate and other interfaces to cooperate with Lambda to achieve concise logic; 2. Emphasize immutability and pure functions to avoid side effects, and ensure that the object state is not modified through final classes and immutable collections; 3. Use StreamAPI for declarative data processing, support chain calls to filter, map, reduce and other operations, and have lazy loading characteristics; 4. Implement higher-order functions, pass or return functions as parameters, and improve code reusability; 5. Common patterns include using Optional to avoid null pointers and method references.

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:45 AM

how to convert array to list in java

In Java, common ways to convert arrays to List include using Arrays.asList(), combining ArrayList constructor to obtain mutable lists, and handling more complex conversion requirements through streaming. 1. Using Arrays.asList(arr) is the most direct way, which is suitable for object arrays (such as String[], Integer[]), but the returned List is immutable and cannot be added or removed; 2. If a mutable list is needed, it can be created through newArrayList(Arrays.asList(arr)), which supports addition and deletion operations; 3. For basic arrays (such as int[]), use Array directly.

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:32 AM

A Guide to Internationalization (i18n) in Java Applications

Java'sinternationalization(i18n)enablesapplicationstoadapttodifferentlanguagesandregionsusingLocaleandResourceBundle.1.UseLocaleobjects(e.g.,en_US,fr_FR)toidentifyregionsandloadcorrespondingresourcebundles(messages_en.properties,messages_fr.propertie

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:32 AM

Building Real-Time Applications with Java and WebSockets

WebSocketsenablereal-time,bidirectionalcommunicationinwebapplications,whichisessentialforfeatureslikelivechatandnotifications;unlikeHTTP,theyallowserverstopushdatainstantlytoclients.1.UseSpringBootwiththespring-boot-starter-websocketdependencytosimpl

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:31 AM

Advanced Guide to Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)

JavaCryptographyArchitecture (JCA) is a flexible and powerful framework for providing encryption services for Java applications; it builds a modular architecture through Provider, Service and EngineClasses, supporting encryption, decryption, digital signature, message digest, key generation and secure random number generation; 1. Use Security.getProviders() to view installed providers, and give priority to standard providers such as SUN, SunJCE or BouncyCastle; 2. Generate symmetric keys through KeyGenerator (such as AES-256, and ensure that JCE does not have any

Jul 25, 2025 am 01:29 AM