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Home php教程 php手冊(cè) php & mysql三日通 2

php & mysql三日通 2

Jun 21, 2016 am 09:15 AM
gt lt mysql quot

mysql

一、 while循環(huán)

  在這一課里,我們將會(huì)繼續(xù)深入下去,使用PHP和MySQL來寫出一些簡(jiǎn)單而有用的頁面。我們從昨天創(chuàng)建的數(shù)據(jù)庫開始,顯示庫中的數(shù)據(jù),但是會(huì)再稍微加以潤(rùn)色。

  首先,我們用下面的代碼來查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫內(nèi)容。




$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");
mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);
echo "\n";
echo "\n";
while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_row($result)) {
printf("\n", $myrow[1], $myrow[2], $myrow[3]);
}
echo "
姓名 職位
%s %s %s
\n";
?>





  您可能已經(jīng)注意到,我們?cè)谶@個(gè)程序里加進(jìn)了一些新東西。最明顯的是while()循環(huán)。該循環(huán)是說,只要數(shù)據(jù)庫里還有記錄可讀(使用mysql_fetch_row()函數(shù)),那就把該記錄賦給變量$myrow,然后執(zhí)行大括號(hào)({})內(nèi)的指令。仔細(xì)看一下這里,這部分是比較重要的。

  我們應(yīng)該注意一下mysql_fetch_row()函數(shù)。這里有一點(diǎn)小問題,它返回的是一個(gè)數(shù)組,必須以數(shù)組下標(biāo)來訪問其中的某個(gè)字段。第一個(gè)字段下標(biāo)為0,第二個(gè)是1,依此類推。在執(zhí)行某些復(fù)雜查詢時(shí),這么做簡(jiǎn)直實(shí)在是太煩瑣了。

  現(xiàn)在我們更仔細(xì)地研究一下循環(huán)過程。程序前幾行我們?cè)诘谝徽n的例子中已經(jīng)看到過了。然后,在while()循環(huán)中,我們從查詢結(jié)果中讀取一條記錄并把該記錄賦給數(shù)組$myrow。接著,我們用printf函數(shù)把數(shù)據(jù)中的內(nèi)容顯示在屏幕上。隨后,循環(huán)反復(fù)執(zhí)行,讀取下一條記錄賦給$myrow。這樣繼續(xù)下去,直到所有記錄都已被讀取完為止。

  使用while()循環(huán)的一個(gè)好處是,如果數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢沒有返回任何記錄,那您也不會(huì)收到錯(cuò)誤信息。在剛執(zhí)行循環(huán)語句時(shí),循環(huán)條件就不滿足,不會(huì)有任何數(shù)據(jù)賦給$myrow,程序就直接往下運(yùn)行了。

  但是如果查詢未返回任何數(shù)據(jù),我們?cè)趺醋層脩糁肋@一點(diǎn)呢?我們也許該提供點(diǎn)兒相關(guān)的消息給用戶吧。這是可以做到的,下面我們就看看怎么做。>>


二、 if-else

  請(qǐng)看下面的程序。




$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");
mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);
if ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
echo "\n";
echo "\n";
do {
printf("\n", $myrow["first"], $myrow["last"], $myrow["address"]);
}
while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result));
echo "
姓名 住址
%s %s %s
\n";
} else {
echo "對(duì)不起,沒有找到記錄!";
}
?>



 

 這段程序中包含有不少新內(nèi)容,不過這些內(nèi)容都相當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單。首先是mysql_fetch_array()函數(shù)。該函數(shù)與mysql_fetch_row()十分相近,只有一點(diǎn)不同:使用這個(gè)函數(shù)時(shí),我們可以通過字段名而不是數(shù)組下標(biāo)來訪問它返回的字段,比如$myrow["first"]。這樣我們就可以省不少力氣了。另外,程序中還加進(jìn)了do/while循環(huán)和if-else條件判定語句。

  if-else條件判定語句的含意是,如果我們成功地把一條記錄賦給了$myrow變量,那就繼續(xù);否則,就跳到else部分,執(zhí)行那里的指令。

  do/while循環(huán)是我們?cè)谏享撝杏脩舻膚hile()循環(huán)的一個(gè)變體。我們要用到do/while的原因是:在最初的if語句中,我們已經(jīng)把查詢返回的第一條記錄賦給變量$myrow了。如果這時(shí)我們執(zhí)行一般的while循環(huán)(比如,while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_row($result)),那我們就會(huì)把第二條記錄賦給$myrow,而第一條記錄就被沖掉了。但是do/while循環(huán)可以讓我們執(zhí)行一次循環(huán)體內(nèi)容之后再來判定循環(huán)條件。因此,我們就不會(huì)不小心漏掉第一條記錄了。

  最后,如果查詢結(jié)果沒有任何記錄的話,程序就會(huì)執(zhí)行包含在else{}部分的那些語句。如果您想看到這部分程序的執(zhí)行情況,可以把SQL語句改為SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id=6,或改成其他形式,使得查詢結(jié)果中沒有任何記錄。

  下面我們來擴(kuò)充一下循環(huán)if-else 代碼,使得頁面內(nèi)容更加豐富。相信您會(huì)喜歡的。>>

三、 第一個(gè)程序腳本

  我們剛剛學(xué)到了循環(huán)語句,下面我們將在一個(gè)更加實(shí)際一點(diǎn)的例子中看看如何運(yùn)用它。但是在這之前,您應(yīng)該知道如何處理Web表格、查詢參數(shù)串,以及表單的GET方法和POST方法。不久之前我們剛剛有文章介紹這部分內(nèi)容,您如果對(duì)這一部分還不太熟悉的話可以看看那篇文章。

  現(xiàn)在,我們要處理查詢參數(shù)串,正如您所知道的,有三種方法可以把參數(shù)內(nèi)容寫入到查詢參數(shù)串中。第一種是在表格中使用GET方法;第二種是在瀏覽器的地址欄中輸入網(wǎng)址時(shí)直接加上查詢參數(shù);第三種是把查詢參數(shù)串嵌入到網(wǎng)頁的超鏈接中,使得超鏈接的內(nèi)容象下面這樣:。我們現(xiàn)在要用到最后這一種方法。

  一開始,我們?cè)賮聿樵兾覀兊臄?shù)據(jù)庫,列出員工姓名??纯聪旅娴某绦?,其中大部分內(nèi)容我們都已經(jīng)很熟悉了。



$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");
mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);
if ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
do {
printf("
%s %s
\n", $PATH_INFO, $myrow["id"], $myrow["first"], $myrow["last"]);
} while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result));
} else {
echo "對(duì)不起,沒有找到記錄!";
}
?>





這里沒什么特別的,只是printf函數(shù)有些不同。那我們就來仔細(xì)研究一下。

  首先要注意的是,所有的引號(hào)前面都有一個(gè)反斜杠。這個(gè)反斜杠告訴PHP直接顯示后面的字符,而不能把后面的字符當(dāng)作程序代碼來處理。另外要注意變量$PATH_INFO的用法。該變量在所用程序中都可以訪問,是用來保存程序自身的名稱與目錄位置的。我們之所以用到它是因?yàn)橐陧撁嬷性僬{(diào)用這個(gè)程序本身。使用$PATH_INFO,我們可以做到,即使程序被挪到其他目錄,甚至是其他機(jī)器上時(shí),我們也能保證正確地調(diào)用到這個(gè)程序。

  正如我剛才提到的,程序所生成的網(wǎng)頁,其中包含的超鏈接會(huì)再次調(diào)用程序本身。不過,再次調(diào)用時(shí),會(huì)加入一些查詢參數(shù)。

  PHP見到查詢參數(shù)串中包含有“名字=值”這樣的成對(duì)格式時(shí),會(huì)作一些特別的處理。它會(huì)自動(dòng)生成一個(gè)變量,變量名稱與取值都與查詢參數(shù)串中所給定的名稱和取值相同。這一功能使得我們可以在程序中判斷出是第一次執(zhí)行本程序還是第二次。我們所要做的只是問問PHP$id這個(gè)變量是否存在。

  當(dāng)我知道這個(gè)問題的答案后,我可以在第二次調(diào)用程序時(shí)顯示一些不同的結(jié)果出來。請(qǐng)看:



$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");
mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);
// display individual record
// 顯示單條記錄內(nèi)容
if ($id) {
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id=$id",$db);
$myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result);
printf("名: %s\n
", $myrow["first"]);
printf("姓: %s\n
", $myrow["last"]);
printf("住址: %s\n
", $myrow["address"]);
printf("職位: %s\n
", $myrow["position"]);
} else {
// show employee list
// 顯示員工列表
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);
if ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
// display list if there are records to display
// 如果有記錄,則顯示列表
do {
printf("%s %s
\n", $PATH_INFO,
$myrow["id"], $myrow["first"], $myrow["last"]);
} while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result));
} else {
// no records to display
// 沒有記錄可顯示 echo "對(duì)不起,沒有找到記錄!";
}
}
?>





  程序開始變得復(fù)雜了,所以我在這里面加了注釋,來解釋一下到底發(fā)生了什么。您可以用//加入單行注釋,或者用/*和*/來括住大段的注釋。

  到這里,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了第一個(gè)真正有用的PHP/MySQL腳本程序!現(xiàn)在,我們要看看怎樣把Web表格加進(jìn)來,并且向數(shù)據(jù)庫發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)。>>



四、 向服務(wù)器發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)

  現(xiàn)在我們從數(shù)據(jù)庫讀取數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)沒有太多困難了。但是怎么反過來向數(shù)據(jù)庫發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)呢?其實(shí)這不是PHP的問題。

  首選,我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)帶有簡(jiǎn)單表格的網(wǎng)頁。


 





名:


姓:


住址:


職位:










 

 同樣要注意$PATH_INFO的用法。就象我在第一課里講到的,您可以在HTML代碼中的任意位置使用PHP。您也會(huì)注意到,表格中的每一個(gè)元素都對(duì)應(yīng)著數(shù)據(jù)庫中的一個(gè)字段。這種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系并不是必須的,這么做只是更直觀一些,便于您以后理解這些代碼。

  還要注意的是,我在Submit按鈕中加入了name屬性。這樣我在程序中可以試探$submit變量是否存在。于是,當(dāng)網(wǎng)頁被再次調(diào)用時(shí),我就會(huì)知道調(diào)用頁面時(shí)是否已經(jīng)填寫了表格。

  我應(yīng)該指出,您不一定要把上面的網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容寫到PHP程序中,再返過來調(diào)用程序本身。您完全可以把顯示表格的網(wǎng)頁和處理表格的程序分開放在兩個(gè)網(wǎng)頁、三個(gè)網(wǎng)頁甚至更多網(wǎng)頁中,悉聽尊便。放在一個(gè)文件中只是可以使內(nèi)容更加緊湊而已。

  那好,我們現(xiàn)在加入一些代碼,來檢查用戶在表格中輸入的內(nèi)容。我會(huì)把用$HTTP_POST_VARS把所有查詢參數(shù)變量都顯示出來,這只不過是為了證明PHP確實(shí)把所有變量都傳給了程序。這種方法是一個(gè)很有用的調(diào)試手段。如果您要想看全部的變量,可以用$GLOBALS。







if ($submit) {


// 處理表格輸入

while (list($name, $value) = each($HTTP_POST_VARS)) {

echo "$name = $value
\n";

}

} else{


// 顯示表格

?>



名:


姓:


住址:


職位:







} // end if,if結(jié)束

?>





  程序現(xiàn)在運(yùn)行正常,那我們現(xiàn)在就可以取到表格輸入的內(nèi)容,并把它們發(fā)送給數(shù)據(jù)庫。

 




if ($submit) {

// 處理表格輸入

$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");

mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);

$sql = "INSERT INTO employees (first,last,address,position)
VALUES ('$first','$last','$address','$position')";

$result = mysql_query($sql);

echo "Thank you! Information entered.\n";

} else{

// 顯示表格內(nèi)容

?>



名:


姓:


住址:


職位:







} // end if,if結(jié)束

?>







  您現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)向數(shù)據(jù)庫中插入數(shù)據(jù)了。不過還有很多完善的工作要做。如果用戶沒有填寫某一欄怎么辦?在需要填入數(shù)字的地方填了文字怎么辦?或者填錯(cuò)了怎么辦?

別擔(dān)心。我們一步一步來。>>

五、修改數(shù)據(jù)

  在個(gè)教程中,我都把要執(zhí)行的SQL語句放到一個(gè)變量($sql)中,然后才用mysql_query()來執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)庫查詢。在調(diào)試時(shí)這是很有用的。如果程序出了什么問題,您隨時(shí)可以把SQL語句的內(nèi)容顯示出來,檢查其中的語法錯(cuò)誤。

  我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了如何把數(shù)據(jù)插入到數(shù)據(jù)庫中?,F(xiàn)在我們來學(xué)習(xí)如何修改數(shù)據(jù)庫中已有的記錄。數(shù)據(jù)的編輯包括兩部分:數(shù)據(jù)顯示和通過表格輸入把數(shù)據(jù)返回給數(shù)據(jù)庫,這兩部分我們前面都已經(jīng)講到了。然而,數(shù)據(jù)編輯還是有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)不同,我們必須先在表格中顯示出相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。

  首先,我們回過頭再看看第一課的程序代碼,在網(wǎng)頁中顯示員工姓名。但是這次,我們要把數(shù)據(jù)顯示在表格中。程序看起來象下面這樣:


 




$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");

mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);

if ($id) {

// 查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫

$sql = "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id=$id";

$result = mysql_query($sql);

$myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result);

?>



">

名:">


姓:">


住址:">


職位:">







} else {

// 顯示員工列表

$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);

while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {

printf("%s %s
\n", $PATH_INFO,
$myrow["id"], $myrow["first"], $myrow["last"]);

}

}

?>







  我們剛才是把字段內(nèi)容寫入到相應(yīng)表格元素中的value屬性里,這是相應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)單的。我們?cè)偻斑M(jìn)一步,使程序可以把用戶修改過的內(nèi)容寫回?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫去。同樣,我們通過Submit按鈕來判斷是否處理表格輸入內(nèi)容。還要注意,我們用的SQL語句稍稍有些不同。


 




$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");

mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);

if ($id) {

if ($submit) {

$sql = "UPDATE employees SET first='$first',last='$last',
address='$address',position='$position' WHERE id=$id";

$result = mysql_query($sql);

echo "謝謝!數(shù)據(jù)更改完成\n";

} else {

// 查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫

$sql = "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id=$id";

$result = mysql_query($sql);

$myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result);

?>



">

名:">


姓:">


住址:">


職位:">







}

} else {

// 顯示員工列表

$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);

while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {

printf("%s %s
\n", $PATH_INFO,
$myrow["id"], $myrow["first"], $myrow["last"]);

}

}

?>







  就是這樣。在這個(gè)程序中已經(jīng)包含了我們學(xué)過所大多數(shù)特性。您也已經(jīng)看到,我們?cè)谝粋€(gè)if()條件判別語句中又加了一個(gè)if()語句,來檢查多重條件。

  下面,我們要把所有東西全都加在一起,寫出一個(gè)很好的程序來。>>
六、完整的程序

在本課結(jié)束前,我們要把所有東西加入到一個(gè)程序中,使它具有增加、編輯修改、刪除記錄的功能。這是前面所有內(nèi)容的一個(gè)延伸,也可以作為極好的復(fù)習(xí)方法??纯聪旅娴某绦?。


 




$db = mysql_connect("localhost", "root");

mysql_select_db("mydb",$db);

if ($submit) {


// 如果沒有ID,則我們是在增加記錄,否則我們是在修改記錄

if ($id) {

$sql = "UPDATE employees SET first='$first',last='$last',
address='$address',position='$position' WHERE id=$id";

} else {

$sql = "INSERT INTO employees (first,last,address,position)
VALUES ('$first','$last','$address','$position')";
}

// 向數(shù)據(jù)庫發(fā)出SQL命令

$result = mysql_query($sql);

echo "記錄修改成功!

";

} elseif ($delete) {

// 刪除一條記錄

$sql = "DELETE FROM employees WHERE id=$id";

$result = mysql_query($sql);

echo "記錄刪除成功!

";

} else {

// 如果我們還沒有按submit按鈕,那么執(zhí)行下面這部分程序

if (!$id) {

// 如果不是修改狀態(tài),則顯示員工列表 $result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM employees",$db);

while ($myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {

printf("%s %s \n",
$PATH_INFO, $myrow["id"], $myrow["first"], $myrow["last"]);

printf("(DELETE)br>", $PATH_INFO, $myrow["id"]);

}

}

?>



ADD A RECORD






if ($id) {


// 我們是在編輯修改狀態(tài),因些選擇一條記錄

$sql = "SELECT * FROM employees WHERE id=$id";

$result = mysql_query($sql);

$myrow = mysql_fetch_array($result);

$id = $myrow["id"];

$first = $myrow["first"];

$last = $myrow["last"];

$address = $myrow["address"];

$position = $myrow["position"];

// 顯示id,供用戶編輯修改

?>




}

?>

名:


姓:


住址:


職位:







}

?>





 

 這段程序看起來很復(fù)雜,但實(shí)際上并不難。程序主要有三個(gè)部分。第一個(gè)if()語句檢查我們是否已經(jīng)按下了那個(gè)“輸入信息”的數(shù)據(jù)提交按鈕。如果是,程序再檢查$id是否存在。如果不存在,那我們就是在增加記錄狀態(tài),否則,我們是在修改記錄狀態(tài)。

  接下來我們檢查變量$delete是否存在。如果存在,我們是要?jiǎng)h除記錄。注意,第一個(gè)if()語句檢查的是用POST方法發(fā)送來的變量,而這一次我們檢查的是GET方法中傳遞過來的變量。

  最后,程序默認(rèn)的動(dòng)作是顯示員工列表和表格。同樣,我們要檢查變量$id是否存在。如果存在,我們就根據(jù)它的值檢索出相應(yīng)的記錄顯示出來。否則,我們會(huì)顯示一個(gè)空的表格。

  現(xiàn)在,我們已經(jīng)把所學(xué)的東西全部都放在一個(gè)程序里頭了。我們用到了while()循環(huán),用到了if()語句,并且執(zhí)行了全部的SQL基本操作 - SELECT、INSERT、UPDATE以及DELETE。另外,我們也知道如何在不同的網(wǎng)頁之間通過URL和表格輸入來互相傳遞信息。

  在第三課里,我們要學(xué)習(xí)如何為網(wǎng)頁增加智能化處理能力。



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