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Table of Contents
1. Check if SSL is Already Enabled
2. Generate SSL Certificates (Self-Signed or CA-Signed)
Option A: Use MySQL’s Built-in Auto-Generate (MySQL 5.7 )
Option B: Generate Your Own Certificates with OpenSSL
3. Configure MySQL Server for SSL
4. Configure MySQL Users for SSL
5. Connect Using SSL
From MySQL Client:
From Application (e.g., PHP, Python):
6. Test and Verify SSL Connection
Security Tips
Home Database Mysql Tutorial How to configure MySQL for SSL/TLS connections?

How to configure MySQL for SSL/TLS connections?

Aug 03, 2025 pm 01:59 PM
mysql ssl/tls

First check if SSL is enabled by running SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%ssl%'; ensure have_ssl is YES and ssl_ca, ssl_cert, ssl_key point to valid files, then use STATUS to confirm SSL is in use. 2. Generate SSL certificates either using MySQL’s built-in auto-generation for testing (enable ssl in my.cnf and restart) or create your own with OpenSSL for production, including a CA, server certificate, and optionally client certificates. 3. Configure the MySQL server by specifying ssl-ca, ssl-cert, and ssl-key paths in my.cnf under [mysqld], ensure MySQL has read access to the files, then restart the service and verify SSL is active with SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'have_ssl';. 4. Set up users to require SSL with CREATE USER 'secure_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'password' REQUIRE SSL; or enforce client certificate authentication using REQUIRE X509, SUBJECT, or ISSUER clauses. 5. Connect clients using SSL by adding --ssl-mode=REQUIRED or providing certificate files via --ssl-ca, --ssl-cert, --ssl-key; in applications, configure SSL attributes in connection strings for PDO or mysql-connector-python. 6. Verify the SSL connection using \status or SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Ssl_cipher'; to confirm a cipher is in use, and if empty, SSL is not active. Security best practices include protecting private keys with chmod 600, using strong ciphers, rotating certificates, using CA-signed certificates in production, and monitoring logs for errors.

How to configure MySQL for SSL/TLS connections?

Configuring MySQL for SSL/TLS connections ensures that data transmitted between clients and the MySQL server is encrypted, protecting it from eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. Here’s how to set it up properly.

How to configure MySQL for SSL/TLS connections?

1. Check if SSL is Already Enabled

Before making changes, check your current SSL status:

SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%ssl%';

Look for:

How to configure MySQL for SSL/TLS connections?
  • have_ssl: Should be YES
  • ssl_ca, ssl_cert, ssl_key: Should point to valid certificate files

Also check the connection type:

STATUS;

Look for "SSL" under the "SSL:" line. If it says "Not in use", SSL isn’t active for your session.

How to configure MySQL for SSL/TLS connections?

2. Generate SSL Certificates (Self-Signed or CA-Signed)

MySQL can use either self-signed certificates (for internal use) or CA-signed ones (for production).

Option A: Use MySQL’s Built-in Auto-Generate (MySQL 5.7 )

MySQL can auto-generate SSL certificates on startup if none are provided and SSL is enabled.

Enable it in your MySQL config file (my.cnf or my.ini):

[mysqld]
ssl

On first startup, MySQL creates:

  • ca.pem (Certificate Authority)
  • server-cert.pem, server-key.pem
  • client-cert.pem, client-key.pem

These are typically in the data directory.

?? Note: These are self-signed and suitable for testing or internal networks only.

Option B: Generate Your Own Certificates with OpenSSL

For more control or production use:

  1. Create a Certificate Authority (CA):
openssl genrsa 2048 > ca-key.pem
openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 3650 -key ca-key.pem -out ca.pem
  1. Generate server certificate request and sign it:
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3650 -nodes -keyout server-key.pem -out server-req.pem
openssl rsa -in server-key.pem -out server-key.pem
openssl x509 -req -in server-req.pem -days 3650 -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 01 -out server-cert.pem
  1. Generate client certificate (optional, for mutual TLS):
openssl req -newkey rsa:2048 -days 3650 -nodes -keyout client-key.pem -out client-req.pem
openssl rsa -in client-key.pem -out client-key.pem
openssl x509 -req -in client-req.pem -days 3650 -CA ca.pem -CAkey ca-key.pem -set_serial 02 -out client-cert.pem
  1. Verify certificates:
openssl verify -CAfile ca.pem server-cert.pem client-cert.pem

3. Configure MySQL Server for SSL

Edit your MySQL configuration file (/etc/mysql/my.cnf or /etc/my.cnf):

[mysqld]
ssl-ca = /path/to/ca.pem
ssl-cert = /path/to/server-cert.pem
ssl-key = /path/to/server-key.pem

# Optional: Require SSL for all connections
# require_secure_transport = ON

Make sure the MySQL user has read access to these files.

Restart MySQL:

sudo systemctl restart mysql

Verify SSL is active:

SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'have_ssl';
-- Should return YES

4. Configure MySQL Users for SSL

You can require specific users to connect via SSL:

CREATE USER 'secure_user'@'%' 
IDENTIFIED BY 'strong_password'
REQUIRE SSL;

-- Or require a client certificate (stronger security)
GRANT ALL ON db.* TO 'secure_user'@'%' 
REQUIRE SUBJECT '/CN=client.example.com';

Common REQUIRE options:

  • SSL: Encrypt connection
  • X509: Any valid client certificate
  • ISSUER '...': Must be issued by specific CA
  • SUBJECT '...': Must have specific subject

5. Connect Using SSL

From MySQL Client:

mysql -u secure_user -p --ssl-mode=REQUIRED

Or with explicit certificates:

mysql -u secure_user -p \
  --ssl-ca=ca.pem \
  --ssl-cert=client-cert.pem \
  --ssl-key=client-key.pem

From Application (e.g., PHP, Python):

In PHP with PDO:

$pdo = new PDO(
    'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=test',
    'secure_user',
    'password',
    [PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CA => '/path/to/ca.pem']
);

In Python with mysql-connector-python:

import mysql.connector

conn = mysql.connector.connect(
    host='localhost',
    user='secure_user',
    password='password',
    database='test',
    ssl_ca='/path/to/ca.pem',
    ssl_verify_cert=True
)

6. Test and Verify SSL Connection

After connecting:

\status
-- Look for "SSL:" line. Should say "Cipher in use: XXX"

Or query:

SHOW STATUS LIKE 'Ssl_cipher';
-- Should return a cipher name if SSL is used

If it’s empty, SSL is not active.


Security Tips

  • Keep private keys (*.key) secure and restrict file permissions (chmod 600).
  • Use strong ciphers (MySQL uses secure defaults).
  • Rotate certificates before expiration.
  • In production, use CA-signed certificates.
  • Monitor logs for SSL-related errors.

Basically, enabling SSL in MySQL involves generating proper certificates, configuring the server to use them, and ensuring clients connect securely. It’s not complex, but attention to file paths and permissions is crucial.

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