In Python, class inheritance allows subclasses to obtain the properties and methods of the parent class, implement code reuse and logical hierarchy, 1. Inheritance is realized through class Dog(Animal) syntax; 2. Invoke the parent class constructor using super().__init__(); 3. Subclasses can rewrite parent class methods such as make_sound(); 4. Subclasses can define unique methods such as fetch() and climb(); 5. Python supports multiple inheritance, such as class DogFish(Dog, Swimmer) inherits multiple parent classes at the same time, but attention should be paid to the method parsing order (MRO) and naming conflict issues, and the inheritance mechanism improves the modularity and maintainability of the code.
In Python, Class Inheritance is a mechanism that allows one class (subclass) to obtain properties and methods of another class (parent class). This helps with code reuse and logical hierarchy. Here is a simple but practical inheritance example to help you understand the basic usage.
Basic inheritance examples: animals and specific animals
# Parent class (base class)
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name, species):
self.name = name
self.species = species
def make_sound(self):
print(f"{self.name} makes a sound.")
def info(self):
print(f"{self.name} is a {self.species}.")
# Subclass (derived class)
class Dog(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, breed):
# Call the parent class constructor super().__init__(name, species="Dog")
self.breed = breed
# Rewrite the parent class method def make_sound(self):
print(f"{self.name} barks: Woof woof!")
# Subclass-specific method def fetch(self):
print(f"{self.name} is fetching the ball!")
# Another subclass class Cat(Animal):
def __init__(self, name, color):
super().__init__(name, species="Cat")
self.color = color
def make_sound(self):
print(f"{self.name} meows: Meow meow!")
def climb(self):
print(f"{self.name} is climbing the tree.")Example of usage
# Create object dog = Dog("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")
cat = Cat("Whiskers", "White")
# Call inherited and overridden methods dog.info() # Output: Buddy is a Dog.
dog.make_sound() # Output: Buddy barks: Woof woof!
dog.fetch() # Output: Buddy is fetching the ball!
cat.info() # Output: Whiskers is a Cat.
cat.make_sound() # Output: Whiskers meows: Meow meow!
cat.climb() # Output: Whiskers is climbing the tree.Key points description
-
class Dog(Animal): means thatDoginherits fromAnimal. -
super().__init__(): Call the initialization method of the parent class to avoid duplicate code. - Method override: Subclasses can provide their own
make_sound()implementation. - Subclasses can add their own unique methods, such as
fetch()andclimb().
Multiple inheritance example (optional advanced)
Python also supports multiple inheritance, that is, a class can inherit multiple parent classes:
class Swimmer:
def swim(self):
print(f"{self.name} is swimming.")
class DogFish(Dog, Swimmer):
pass # Inherit all methods of Dog and Swimmer# Use fish_dog = DogFish("Splash", "Labrador")
fish_dog.swim() # from Swimmer
fish_dog.bark() # from DogNote: Use multiple inheritance carefully to avoid naming conflicts and complex call orders (MRO: Method Resolution Order).
Basically that's it. Inheritance makes the code more modular and suitable for building object models with hierarchical relationships. Not complicated but it is easy to ignore details, such as the usage and method rewriting rules of super() .
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