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Table of Contents
What Is CSS Specificity?
How the Cascade Resolves Conflicts
What Is Inheritance in CSS?
Putting It All Together
Home Web Front-end Front-end Q&A Understanding CSS Specificity, Cascade, and Inheritance

Understanding CSS Specificity, Cascade, and Inheritance

Jul 29, 2025 am 04:01 AM
css inherit
<p>CSS specificity, cascade, and inheritance determine which styles apply when multiple rules target the same element; 1. Specificity scores selectors (inline=1000, ID=100, class/attribute/pseudo-class=10, element/pseudo-element=1), with higher scores winning; 2. The cascade resolves conflicts by evaluating importance (!important), then specificity, then source order (later rules win if equal); 3. Inheritance passes certain properties (like color, font, text-align) from parent to child elements, while others (like margin, border, display) do not inherit, and can be controlled with inherit, initial, or unset keywords; understanding all three ensures predictable and maintainable styling.

<p>Understanding CSS Specificity, Cascade, and Inheritance

<p>When working with CSS, three core concepts shape how styles are applied: specificity, the cascade, and inheritance. These rules determine which styles take precedence when multiple rules target the same element. Understanding them helps avoid frustrating bugs and makes styling more predictable.

Understanding CSS Specificity, Cascade, and Inheritance

What Is CSS Specificity?

<p>Specificity is a scoring system that determines which CSS rule wins when there’s a conflict. The browser calculates a weight for each selector, and the one with the highest score applies its styles.

<p>Here’s how specificity is calculated (from highest to lowest priority):

Understanding CSS Specificity, Cascade, and Inheritance
  • Inline styles – e.g., style="color: red;" → 1000 points
  • ID selectors – e.g., #header → 100 points
  • Class selectors, attributes, and pseudo-classes – e.g., .btn, [type="text"], :hover → 10 points
  • Element selectors and pseudo-elements – e.g., p, ::before → 1 point
<p>Example:

#nav .link:hover { color: blue; }  /* 100   10   10 = 120 */
div.header a { color: red; }       /* 1   10   1 = 12 */
<p>Even though both target the same link, the first rule wins due to higher specificity.

Understanding CSS Specificity, Cascade, and Inheritance
<p>?? Tip: Avoid using !important unless absolutely necessary—it overrides specificity and makes debugging harder.

How the Cascade Resolves Conflicts

<p>The cascade is the algorithm CSS uses to decide which styles apply when multiple rules could apply to an element. It considers three factors in order:

  1. Importance – Styles marked with !important (not recommended)
  2. Specificity – As explained above
  3. Source order – If two rules have equal importance and specificity, the one that appears later in the CSS wins
<p>Example:

p { color: green; }
p { color: purple; }
<p>Even though both have the same specificity, the paragraph will be purple because it comes last.

<p>The cascade also considers where styles come from:

  • Author styles (your CSS)
  • User styles (custom styles set by the user)
  • User agent styles (browser defaults)
<p>By default, author styles win, but !important in user styles can override them.

What Is Inheritance in CSS?

<p>Inheritance allows certain CSS properties to be passed down from parent elements to their children. Not all properties inherit—only those that make sense in a hierarchical context.

<p>Common inherited properties:

  • color
  • font-family, font-size, font-weight
  • text-align
  • line-height
<p>Non-inherited properties:

  • margin, padding, border
  • width, height
  • position, display
<p>Example:

<div class="text">
  <p>This paragraph inherits the parent's font.</p>
</div>
.text {
  font-family: Arial;
  color: gray;
}
<p>The <p> will display in Arial and gray, even without explicit styling.

<p>You can control inheritance using special keyword values:

  • inherit – forces a property to inherit from its parent
  • initial – resets a property to its default value
  • unset – removes the value (acts like inherit if the property normally inherits, initial otherwise)
<p>Example:

p {
  text-align: unset; /* Removes alignment, behaves based on property */
}

Putting It All Together

<p>Imagine this scenario:

<p class="intro">Hello World</p>
p { color: blue; }
.intro { color: red; }
p { color: green; }
<p>Here’s how the browser decides:

  1. Cascade source order: Two p rules, but green comes last
  2. Specificity: .intro has higher specificity (10) than p (1)
  3. Result: The text is red
<p>Even though green is later, .intro wins due to higher specificity.

<p>Understanding specificity, the cascade, and inheritance isn’t just about memorizing rules—it’s about writing CSS that behaves predictably. Use simple selectors when possible, avoid !important, and always consider how styles flow through your document.

<p>Basically, CSS follows a clear hierarchy: specificity breaks ties, the cascade manages order, and inheritance passes down certain styles naturally. Get these right, and your styling life gets a lot easier.

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