Use Maven or Gradle to realize automated construction and dependency management to ensure that each submission triggers a repeatable construction process; 2. Automatically pull code, build, run unit tests, generate coverage reports and perform static analysis after code submission through the CI system to ensure code quality; 3. Automatic deployment to pre-release or directly release to production according to maturity in the continuous delivery stage. Common methods include JAR deployment, Docker image construction push and Kubernetes deployment; 4. Use external configurations to achieve multi-environment isolation and inject sensitive information through environment variables; 5. After deployment, problems are discovered in a timely manner through health checks, monitoring alarms and log systems, and support rapid rollback; an efficient Java CI/CD process significantly improves release efficiency and system stability through automated construction, testing, deployment and monitoring, and reduces the risks brought by human intervention.

Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) is crucial for the development of Java applications. It can significantly improve code quality, speed up the pace of release, and reduce human errors. For Java projects, the CI/CD process usually includes code submission triggering, automatic construction, unit testing, code quality inspection, packaging, automated deployment and other links. The following are the key points for building an efficient CI/CD pipeline.

1. Automated construction and dependency management

Java projects usually use Maven or Gradle as build tools, which automatically manage dependencies, compile code, run tests, and generate deployable artifacts (such as JAR or WAR).

• Maven : Suitable for standardized project structure, simple configuration, and rich plug-in ecology.
• Gradle : More flexible, using Groovy or Kotlin DSL, suitable for complex construction logic.

In the CI process, each code submission should trigger:

 mvn clean package # Maven
./gradlew build # Gradle

Ensure that the build is repeatable and has no local dependencies.

2. Continuous integration: Code submission is validation

The core of CI is fast feedback. When developers push code to repositories (such as GitHub, GitLab), CI systems (such as Jenkins, GitHub Actions, GitLab CI) should automatically perform the following steps:

• Pull the latest code
• Execute the build
• Run unit tests (JUnit/TestNG)
• Generate test coverage reports (such as JaCoCo)
• Static code analysis (Checkstyle, PMD, SpotBugs)

Sample GitHub Actions snippet:

 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    Steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up JDK 17
        uses: actions/setup-java@v3
        with:
          java-version: '17'
      - name: Build with Maven
        run: mvn -B package --file pom.xml
      - name: Run tests
        run: mvn test

Ensure that all tests are allowed to be merged into the master branch only after they are passed.

3. Continuous delivery/deployment: Automated release process

The goal of CD is to make code ready to deploy. Depending on team maturity, you can choose:

• Continuous delivery : Automatically deploy to pre-release environments (such as Staging), waiting for manual confirmation to be launched.
• Continuous deployment : fully automated, directly released to production after passing tests.

Common deployment methods:

• Deploy JAR packages to the server and restart the Spring Boot application
• Build Docker images and push them to mirror repositories (such as Docker Hub, ECR)
• Deployment with Kubernetes (Helm CI/CD)

Example: Build a Docker image and push it

 - name: Build Docker image
  run: docker build -t myapp:$SHA .
- name: Push to Docker Hub
  run: |
    echo ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASSWORD }} | docker login -u ${{ secrets.DOCKER_USERNAME }} --password-stdin
    docker push myapp:$SHA

4. Environmental isolation and configuration management

Java applications should support multiple environments through external configurations (such as application.yml Spring Profiles):

 # application-prod.yml
server:
  port: 8080
spring:
  datasource:
    url: ${DB_URL}

Inject sensitive information (database password, API key) through environment variables to avoid hard coding.

5. Monitoring and rollback mechanism

After deployment, the application /actuator/health health) and integrated logs and monitoring (Prometheus Grafana). Once an exception is found, it supports quick rollback to the previous version.

Basically that's it. A mature Java CI/CD process is not complicated but it is easy to ignore details: such as test coverage access control, construction cache acceleration, and multi-environment configuration separation. As long as you stick to automation, the team can focus more on function development rather than manually "packaging-upload-restarting".

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