To create a custom middleware, use the Artisan command to generate the class file, 1. Write a logical processing request, 2. Register the middleware in Kernel.php, 3. Apply and pass parameters in the route. Middleware is used to filter HTTP requests. Laravel has a variety of built-in middleware, and users can also create custom logic based on their needs, such as verifying user roles. After creation, it needs to be registered as global or routing middleware, and can be called through the middleware method in the routing, supporting multiple middleware and parameter chains. Notes include: Ensure that $next($request) is called, pay attention to the execution order, keep the logic single, and sufficient testing.
Handling requests effectively is a big part of building scalable Laravel applications. Sometimes the built-in middleware doesn't quite cover what you need, and that's when writing your own custom middleware becomes useful. It gives you control over how incoming HTTP requests are processed before they reach your routes or controllers.
What Middleware Does in Laravel
Middleware works like a filter for HTTP requests entering your application. Laravel comes with several middleware out of the box — things like authentication checks, CSRF protection, and more. When you create custom middleware, you're inserting your own logic into this pipeline.
For example, imagine you want to check if a user has a specific role before allowing them to access certain routes. That kind of conditional logic can be neatly wrapped up in middleware so it's reusable and easy to maintain.
How to Create Custom Middleware in Laravel
You can generate middleware using Artisan, Laravel's command-line tool:
php artisan make:middleware CheckUserRole
This creates a new middleware class in app/Http/Middleware/CheckUserRole.php . Inside, you'll find a handle() method which receives the request and a closure to pass control to the next middleware in the stack.
Here's a simple example of what that might look like:
public function handle($request, \Closure $next, $role)
{
if (! $request->user() || ! $request->user()->hasRole($role)) {
return redirect('/home');
}
return $next($request);
}In this case, we're checking whether the current user has a specific role passed as a parameter. If not, we redirect them somewhere else.
Registering and Using Your Middleware
Once you've written your middleware, you need to register it in app/Http/Kernel.php . There are two places depending on how you plan to use it:
- Global middleware runs on every request.
- Route middleware is applied selectively.
To add it as route middleware, assign a key in the $routeMiddleware array:
'role' => \App\Http\Middleware\CheckUserRole::class,
Then apply it in your routes:
Route::get('/admin', function () {
// ...
})->middleware('role:admin');You can also apply multiple middleware to a route by listing them:
->middleware(['auth', 'role:admin'])
Or even chain parameters if needed:
->middleware('role:editor,contributor')
Just remember to adjust your middleware's handle() method to accept and process those additional parameters correctly.
A Few Things to Watch Out For
- Always call
$next($request)unless you're intentionally stopping the request from going further (like in redirects or responses). - Be careful about the order of middleware — some operations may depend on earlier steps being completed.
- Middleware should stay focused on one thing. If it gets too complex, consider splitting it into smaller pieces.
Also, don't forget to test your middleware thoroughly — especially edge cases like unauthenticated users or unexpected input.
Basically that's it. Middleware is powerful but straightforward once you get the hang of it.
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