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Table of Contents
正確綁定 LIKE 參數(shù)的方式
為什么不能在 SQL 中直接加 %
多個(gè) LIKE 條件怎么處理
小細(xì)節(jié)容易忽略
Home Backend Development PHP Tutorial PHP prepared statement with LIKE operator

PHP prepared statement with LIKE operator

Jul 11, 2025 am 01:52 AM
php LIKE operator

使用PHP預(yù)處理語句結(jié)合LIKE進(jìn)行模糊查詢時(shí),需注意參數(shù)綁定方式和通配符使用。1. 不能在SQL中直接寫成%'?%',因?yàn)閱柼?hào)會(huì)被視為字符串的一部分,正確做法是將%與搜索詞一起作為參數(shù)傳入或在PHP端拼接好再傳入;2. 多個(gè)LIKE條件可分別構(gòu)造帶通配符的字符串并依次綁定參數(shù),如$searchName與$searchEmail分別對(duì)應(yīng)name和email的模糊匹配;3. 需注意輸入過濾、大小寫敏感問題及全模糊查詢對(duì)性能的影響,確保代碼安全高效。

PHP prepared statement with LIKE operator

在使用 PHP 的預(yù)處理語句(prepared statement)時(shí),如果想結(jié)合 LIKE 操作符進(jìn)行模糊查詢,需要注意參數(shù)綁定的方式和通配符的使用。直接把 % 寫進(jìn) SQL 語句中或者拼接到變量里都有講究,稍有不慎就可能出錯(cuò)或影響性能。

PHP prepared statement with LIKE operator

正確綁定 LIKE 參數(shù)的方式

在使用預(yù)處理語句時(shí),不能直接在 SQL 中寫成 '%' . ? . '%',因?yàn)檫@樣會(huì)語法錯(cuò)誤。正確的做法是將 % 和搜索詞一起作為參數(shù)傳入,或者在 PHP 端拼接好再傳入。

推薦方式是在 PHP 中先構(gòu)造好帶通配符的字符串:

PHP prepared statement with LIKE operator
$search = "%keyword%";
$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM table WHERE column LIKE ?");
$stmt->execute([$search]);

這種方式既安全又能保持代碼清晰。

為什么不能在 SQL 中直接加 %

你可能會(huì)看到一些人嘗試這樣寫 SQL:

PHP prepared statement with LIKE operator
SELECT * FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%?%';

但這樣做不會(huì)生效,因?yàn)閱柼?hào)會(huì)被當(dāng)作字符串的一部分,而不是一個(gè)可替換的參數(shù)。預(yù)處理語句中的參數(shù)占位符只能代表“值”,不能出現(xiàn)在字符串內(nèi)部或其他語法結(jié)構(gòu)中。

所以像下面這種寫法是錯(cuò)誤的:

$stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT * FROM table WHERE column LIKE '%?%'"); // 錯(cuò)誤!
$stmt->execute([$keyword]);

多個(gè) LIKE 條件怎么處理

如果你需要多個(gè)模糊匹配條件,比如同時(shí)模糊匹配用戶名和郵箱,可以按如下方式處理:

$searchName = "%john%";
$searchEmail = "%gmail.com%";

$stmt = $pdo->prepare("
    SELECT * FROM users 
    WHERE name LIKE ? OR email LIKE ?
");
$stmt->execute([$searchName, $searchEmail]);

這種方式可以靈活地組合多個(gè)模糊條件,每個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)通配符字符串。

如果你想更靈活地構(gòu)建查詢,也可以根據(jù)是否有關(guān)鍵詞動(dòng)態(tài)添加 LIKE 條件,避免執(zhí)行不必要的查詢。

小細(xì)節(jié)容易忽略

  • 如果你在前端接收用戶輸入后直接用于查詢,記得對(duì)輸入做基本過濾,比如去掉多余空格。
  • 使用 LIKE 查詢時(shí)注意大小寫問題,MySQL 默認(rèn)不區(qū)分大小寫,但如果用了 utf8mb4_bin 這類排序規(guī)則就會(huì)區(qū)分。
  • 對(duì)于全模糊查詢(如 %abc%),數(shù)據(jù)庫無法使用索引,查詢效率較低,數(shù)據(jù)量大時(shí)要謹(jǐn)慎使用。

基本上就這些。用好 prepared statement 配合 LIKE,關(guān)鍵在于參數(shù)位置和通配符的正確處理,別讓它們混在 SQL 字符串里搞亂了邏輯。

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