


What are some popular Python modules and packages (e.g., math, datetime, os, sys, re, random, json, csv)?
Jun 25, 2025 am 01:01 AMPython's standard library contains multiple commonly used modules for processing mathematical operations, date and time, system operations, etc. 1. The math module provides mathematical functions such as sqrt, log and constants pi and e, suitable for precise calculations; 2. Datetime processes date and time, supports obtaining the current time, formatting and time difference calculations; 3. Os and sys are used for file and system operations, such as creating directories and accessing command line parameters; 4. Re supports regular expressions, suitable for text pattern matching and verification; 5. random generates random numbers or selects random elements, suitable for games and simulations; 6. json processes JSON data conversion, facilitates API interaction and configuration reading and writing; 7. csv is used to read and write CSV files, simplifying table data processing.
Python's standard library is packed with useful modules that handle everything from math operations to file management. Here are some of the most commonly used ones, along with what they do and when you might want to use them.
1. math
– For Mathematical Operations
The math
module gives you access to common math functions like square roots, logarithms, trigonometry, and more.
- Use it when you need precision calculations beyond basic arithmetic.
- It doesn't support complex numbers — for that, you'd use the
cmath
module instead.
Example:
import math print(math.sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0
Some handy functions:
-
math.floor()
– Rounds down -
math.ceil()
– Rounds up -
math.pi
,math.e
– Constants
Note: If you're doing heavy number crunching or working with arrays, consider using numpy
instead.
2. datetime
– To Handle Dates and Times
This one is super helpful when you need to work with dates, times, time zones, or durations.
- You can get the current time, format dates, calculate differences between dates, etc.
- Key classes:
datetime
,date
,time
,timedelta
Example:
from datetime import datetime print(datetime.now()) # Shows current date and time
Common use cases:
- Logging events with timestamps
- Scheduling tasks
- Calculating how many days between two dates
3. os
and sys
– For System and File Operations
These two modules often go hand-in-hand when dealing with your operating system or Python runtime environment.
os
- Interact with the file system: create directories, delete files, check if a path exists
- Useful for automation scripts that deal with files
import os os.makedirs("new_folder", exist_ok=True)
sys
- Control the Python interpreter
- Access command-line arguments via
sys.argv
- Exit the program with
sys.exit()
They're especially useful in CLI tools or scripts that run on different systems.
4. re
– Regular Expressions
If you need to search, match, or replace patterns in text, re
(regular expressions) is the way to go.
- Great for input validation (like checking email formats)
- Can be tricky at first but powerful once you get the hang of it
Example:
import re if re.match(r"\d ", "123abc"): print("Starts with numbers")
A few tips:
- Start with simple patterns before jumping into complex regex
- Use online tools like regex101.com to test your expressions
5. random
– Generate Random Data
Use this when you need random numbers, shuffle lists, or pick random elements.
- Not suitable for security-sensitive applications (use
secrets
module instead)
Examples:
import random random.randint(1, 10) # Random integer between 1 and 10 random.choice(["a", "b"]) # Picks a random item
Good for games, simulations, or generating sample data.
6. json
– Work With JSON Data
JSON is everywhere these days — APIs, config files, etc. The json
module makes it easy to convert between JSON strings and Python objects.
Example:
import json data = {"name": "Alice"} json_str = json.dumps(data) # Convert dict to JSON string
Key functions:
-
json.loads()
– Parse JSON string -
json.load()
– Read from a JSON file -
json.dump()
– Write to a JSON file
7. csv
– Read and Write CSV Files
Need to process spreadsheets or export data as CSV? This module has got you covered.
- Read rows from a CSV file as dictionaries or lists
- Write data back out in CSV format
Example:
import csv with open('data.csv', 'r') as f: reader = csv.DictReader(f) for row in reader: print(row['Name'])
It's much easier than parsing CSV manually.
There are plenty of other modules too — like collections
, itertools
, functools
, and third-party packages like requests
, pandas
, or matplotlib
. But the ones above are solid starting points and widely used across many types of Python projects.
Basically, these modules cover most day-to-day needs without needing to install anything extra.
The above is the detailed content of What are some popular Python modules and packages (e.g., math, datetime, os, sys, re, random, json, csv)?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!

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