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How do I use the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architectural pattern in PHP?
How do I use the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architectural pattern in PHP?
Jun 21, 2025 am 12:47 AM
How to use MVC mode in PHP? 1. Set the basic file structure and create three folders of Model, View and Controller; 2. Write model processing logic, such as UserModel class operating database; 3. Create controller to receive requests and coordinate model and view, such as UserController to obtain data; 4. Build view display content, such as user_profile.php mix HTML and PHP output dynamic data; 5. Unified request processing through the front-end controller index.php, load the model and controller and execute corresponding methods to achieve application scalability.
When you're working with PHP and want to organize your application in a structured way, using the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern is a solid choice. It helps separate concerns — data handling, user interface, and business logic — which makes your code cleaner and easier to maintain.
Here's how you can apply MVC in PHP without getting overwhelmed by theory or over-engineering.
Set Up a Basic Folder Structure
Before writing any code, organize your files into three main folders: Model , View , and Controller . This keeps everything in its place and avoids confusion later.
A typical structure looks like this:
project/ │ ├── models/ │ └── UserModel.php │ ├── views/ │ └── user_profile.php │ ├── controllers/ │ └── UserController.php │ └── index.php
You don't need anything fancy here. Just make sure each folder clearly corresponds to one part of the MVC pattern.
Write the Model: Handle Data Logic
The model deals with your data — usually interacting with a database. In PHP, this often means creating classes that represent your data types.
For example, a UserModel might look like this:
class UserModel {
private $db;
public function __construct($db) {
$this->db = $db;
}
public function getUserById($id) {
$stmt = $this->db->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");
$stmt->execute([$id]);
return $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
}
}This class handles fetching user data from the database. You pass it a database connection (like PDO), and it runs queries.
Key points:
- Keep SQL logic inside the model.
- Don't echo or display anything here.
- Return data structures (like arrays) for the controller to use.
Create the Controller: Handle Requests
The controller acts as the middleman. It receives requests (like a URL), decides what data to fetch using the model, and passes it to the view.
Here's a basic UserController :
class UserController {
private $model;
public function __construct($model) {
$this->model = $model;
}
public function showProfile($id) {
$user = $this->model->getUserById($id);
include '../views/user_profile.php';
}
} In this case, when someone visits /user/profile/123 , the controller grabs the user ID, gets the data from the model, and include the appropriate view file.
Important things to note:
- Controllers should never contain raw SQL.
- They shouldn't output HTML directly.
- Their job is to coordinate between models and views.
Build the View: Display the Output
Views are responsible for showing content to the user. These are usually plain PHP files that mix HTML with small bits of PHP for dynamic data.
An example user_profile.php view:
<h1><?php echo htmlspecialchars($user['name']); ?></h1> <p>Email: <?php echo htmlspecialchars($user['email']); ?></p>
Tips for views:
- Only use simple logic like loops and conditions.
- Avoid complex operations or database calls.
- Always sanitize data before displaying it (use
htmlspecialchars()).
Tie It All Together in the Front Controller
Most PHP MVC setups have an index.php file that routes all requests through one entry point. That's your front controller.
Here's a simplified version:
// index.php // Connect to the database $pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;dbname=myapp', 'user', 'password'); // Load model and controller require 'models/UserModel.php'; require 'controllers/UserController.php'; $userModel = new UserModel($pdo); $userController = new UserController($userModel); // Simulate a route $userId = isset($_GET['id']) ? intval($_GET['id']) : 1; // Run the controller method $userController->showProfile($userId);
This centralizes request handling and keeps your app scalable.
That's basically how you set up and use MVC in PHP. It doesn't have to be complicated — just keep your roles clear: models handle data, controllers manage flow, and views present output.
Once you get the hang of it, building features become much smoother.
The above is the detailed content of How do I use the MVC (Model-View-Controller) architectural pattern in PHP?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
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