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So, are you considering switching from Windows to Linux or have you recently transitioned to Linux? Hmm, what am I asking? Why else would you be here?

[ You might also like: How I Made the Shift from Windows to Linux Mint ]In my initial experiences as a beginner, Linux commands and terminals seemed quite daunting. I had concerns about the commands and wondered how much I needed to recall and memorize to become adept and fully operational with Linux.

Without a doubt, online resources, Linux books, man pages, and the user community offered considerable help.

However, I firmly believe there should be an article featuring basic Linux commands in a simple-to-learn and understand manner.

These inspirations drove me to master Linux and make it more accessible. This piece is a step toward that objective.”

1. ls Command

The command ‘ls‘ stands for ‘List Directory Contents‘, which is used to show the contents of the folder, whether they are files or subfolders, from which the command is executed.

<code>ls</code>

The ‘ls -l‘ command lists the contents of the folder in a detailed, long listing format.

<code>ls -l</code>

The ‘ls -a‘ command lists the contents of a folder, including hidden files that begin with '.'.

<code>ls -a</code>

In Linux, a file name beginning with '.' is regarded as hidden. In Linux, every file, folder, device, or command is treated as a file.

The result of the ls -l command is:

• File Type – The first character indicates the file type ('-' for a regular file, 'd' for a directory, 'l' for a symbolic link, etc.).
• Permissions – The next nine characters denote the file’s permissions for the owner, group, and others. These characters can include 'r' for read, 'w' for write, and 'x' for execute permissions.
• Number of Links – Indicates the number of hard links pointing to the file or directory.
• Owner and Group – Specifies the user (owner) and group associated with the file or directory.
• File Size – Shows the size of the file in bytes.
• Modification Time – Displays the date and time when the file or directory was last modified.
• File or Directory Name – The actual name of the file or directory.

For more “ls” command examples read our series of articles:

You might also like:

• 15 Basic ls Command Examples in Linux
• 7 Quirky ‘ls’ Command Tricks Every Linux User Should Know
• How to Sort Output of ‘ls’ Command By Last Modified Date and Time
• How to List All Files Ordered by Size in Linux

2. lsblk Command

The ‘lsblk‘ command, short for ‘List Block Devices,’ displays block devices by their assigned names (excluding RAM) in a tree-like format on the standard output.

<code>lsblk</code>

The ‘lsblk -l‘ command lists block devices in a ‘list‘ structure instead of a tree-like fashion.

<code>lsblk -l</code>

lsblk is a very handy and straightforward way to identify the name of the new USB device you've just plugged in, especially when dealing with disks or blocks in the terminal.

[ You might also like: 10 Commands to Find Linux Hardware Information ]### 3. md5sum Command

The ‘md5sum‘ stands for ‘Compute and Check MD5 Message-Digest‘. MD5 checksum (commonly referred to as a ‘hash‘) is used to match or verify the integrity of files that may have changed due to a faulty file transfer, disk error, or non-malicious interference.

<code>md5sum teamviewer_linux.deb 
<p>47790ed345a7b7970fc1f2ac50c97002  teamviewer_linux.deb</p></code>

The user can compare the generated md5sum with the one provided officially. MD5sum is considered less secure than sha1sum, which we will discuss later.

4. dd Command

The dd command stands for ‘Convert and Copy a file‘ and can be used to convert and copy a file. Most often, it is used to copy an ISO file (or any other file) to a USB device (or another location), making it suitable for creating a bootable USB stick.

<code>dd if=debian.iso of=/dev/sdb1 bs=512M; sync</code>

Note: In the above example the USB device is supposed to be sdb1 (You should verify it using the command lsblk, otherwise you will overwrite your disk and OS), use the name of the disk very cautiously! The dd command takes some time ranging from a few seconds to several minutes in execution, depending on the size and type of file and read and write speed of the USB stick.

[ You might also like: How to Clone a Partition Using dd Command ]### 5. uname Command

The uname command stands for (Unix Name), and prints detailed information about the machine name, operating system, and kernel version.

<code>uname -a<p>Linux TecMint 6.2.0-39-generic #40~22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC 
Thu Nov 16 10:53:04 UTC  x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux</p></code>

The result of the uname -a command is:

• “Linux“: The machine’s kernel name.
• “tecmint“: The machine’s node name.
• “6.2.0-39-generic“: The kernel release.
• “22.04.1-Ubuntu SMP“: The operating system release version.
• “x86_64“: The architecture of the processor.
• “GNU/Linux“: The operating system name.

6. history Command

The history command stands for History (Event) Record, it prints the history of a long list of executed commands in the terminal.

<code>history</code>

Note: Pressing 'Ctrl R' allows you to search for previously executed commands, enabling your command to be completed using the auto-completion feature.

<code>(reverse-i-search)`if': ifconfig</code>

For more examples of history commands, please refer to our series of articles:

You might also like:

• How to Run a Command Without Saving It in History
• How to Clear BASH Command Line History in Linux
• How to Set Date and Time for Command in History

7. sudo Command

The “sudo” (superuser do) command allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy in the sudoers list.

<code>sudo apt update</code>

Note: sudo allows users to borrow superuser privileges, while a similar command ‘su‘ allows users to log in as superusers. Sudo is safer than su.

It is not advised to use sudo or su for day-to-day normal use, as it can result in serious errors if accidentally you do something wrong, that’s why a very popular saying in the Linux community is:

<code>“To err is human, but to really foul up everything, you need a root password.”</code>

For more examples of sudo commands, please refer to our series of articles:

You might also like:

• 10 Useful Sudoers Configurations for Setting ‘sudo’ in Linux
• How to Run ‘sudo’ Without Password in Linux
• How to Show Asterisks While Typing Sudo Password in Linux

8. mkdir Command

The (make directory) creates a new directory with a name path. However is the directory already exists, it will return an error message “cannot create a folder, folder already exists”.

The mkdir command (make directory) is used to create a new directory with a specified path. However, if the directory already exists, it will return an error message stating, ‘cannot create a folder, folder already exists‘.

<code>mkdir tecmint</code>

Directories can only be created within folders for which the user has write permissions.

9. touch Command

The touch command stands for ‘update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.’ The ‘touch‘ command creates the file only if it doesn’t exist

The above is the detailed content of 20 Must-Know Terminal Commands for New Linux Users. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!