The CSS :has() selector revolutionizes element selection by targeting parents based on their children's properties. It's more than just a "parent selector"—it offers powerful conditional styling capabilities. For instance, you can style <div> elements only if they contain a <code><p></p>:
div:has(p) {
background: red;
}
While previously unsupported, :has() is now gaining traction, appearing in Safari Technical Preview 137.
Let's explore another scenario: adding spacing after headers, but adjusting the spacing if a subtitle is present:
h2,
.subtitle {
margin: 0 0 1.5rem 0;
}
.header-group:has(h2):has(.subtitle) h2 {
margin: 0 0 0.2rem 0; /* Reduced spacing due to subtitle */
}
Note the chaining of :has() selectors: .header-group:has(h2):has(.subtitle). This differs from using a selector list within :has(), like .header-group:has(h2 .subtitle). The chained approach selects the <h2></h2> only if .header-group contains both an <h2></h2> and a .subtitle. The selector list approach, however, has different selection logic.
Consider :has() as a parent selector pseudo-class. It allows styling parent elements conditionally based on their children, a significant departure from traditional CSS's top-down approach. This capability opens up numerous possibilities previously unattainable with CSS alone.
Styling links containing images:
a:has(> img) {
border: 20px solid white;
}
> img ensures the image is a direct child of the <a></a>. :has() can also be used for conditional margin/padding based on content.
:has() is part of CSS Selectors Level 4, alongside the useful :not pseudo-class. It's significantly more powerful than a simple parent selector; it allows selecting a child element based on the parent's content. For example:
/* Styles elements with a <figcaption> child */
figure:has(figcaption) { … }
/* Styles <img alt="The CSS :has Selector (and 4 Examples)" > within a <figure> containing a <figcaption> */
figure:has(figcaption) img { … }</figcaption></figure></figcaption>
Chaining and selector lists are supported:
article:has(h2):has(ul) { … } // Chained
article:has(h2, ul) { … } // Selector list
However, be aware that invalid selectors within a list will invalidate the entire :has() selector. Use :where() or :is() for more robust handling of potentially invalid selectors.
Testing for support:
@supports(selector(:has(p))) {
/* Supported! */
}
The :not() selector, also from CSS Selectors Level 4, offers excellent browser support and improved readability:
ul li:not(:first-of-type) {
color: red;
}
This styles all list items except the first. Similar techniques can be used for margins:
ul li:not(:last-of-type) {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
CSS Selectors Level 4 also includes :is(), offering concise alternatives to lengthy selectors:
:is(section, article, aside, nav) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6) {
color: #BADA55;
}
In summary, :has(), along with :is() and :not(), provides powerful and readable ways to style elements based on complex relationships within the DOM.
Further Reading:
- Adrian Bece — Meet
:has(), A Native CSS Parent Selector (And More) - Bramus Van Damme — The CSS
:has()selector is way more than a “Parent Selector” - Michelle Barker —
:has()Has Landed in Safari
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