How to monitor system performance
Sep 16, 2025 am 12:04 AMSystem performance monitoring requires attention to four core aspects: CPU, memory, disk IO and network. First, use top/htop to view CPU usage, focusing on user status (us), system status (sy) and idle status (id). Us is consistently higher than 70% and program usage may be too high, while sy is high may cause frequent system calls; it is recommended to use mpstat to check regularly, combine Prometheus Node Exporter to set alarms, or use cloud vendor monitoring panel. Secondly, view the memory through free -h, focus on the available field. If it is close to zero, you need to optimize the program or increase the memory; note that cache usage and the increase in swap usage are memory pressure signals, which can be alleviated by adjusting the swappiness parameters. Third, use iostat/iotop to monitor disk read and write, df -h to check disk space, especially root directory and log directory; %util is close to 100% to indicate that the disk is saturated, and hardware needs to be upgraded or load balancing is required. Finally, use ping/traceroute to detect latency and iftop/nload to view bandwidth; pay special attention to the network between containers and DNS resolution speed (can be tested by dig). Monitoring should be continuously observed and key modules are selected as needed, rather than covering all content at once.
Monitoring the performance of the system is actually not difficult, the key is to find the right tools and focus. If you find that the server responds slowly, the application is stuttering, or you want to prevent failures in advance, system monitoring is the skill you must master.
Keep a close eye on CPU usage
CPU is one of the core resources for system operation and can easily become a bottleneck when high loads are available. You can use top
or htop
(more intuitive) to view CPU usage in real time. Focus on the ratio of user state (us), system state (sy) and idle (id). If the us is higher than 70% for a long time, it may mean that your program consumes too much CPU; if the sy is high, it may cause frequent system calls.
suggestion:
- Regularly use
mpstat
to view detailed CPU metrics (sysstat needs to be installed) - Set up monitoring alarms, such as using Prometheus Node Exporter for long-term tracking
- If it is a cloud server, you can directly use the monitoring panel provided by the manufacturer
Memory and swap partition differences are ignored
Insufficient memory can cause the system to start using swap (swap partition), which can significantly slow down performance. Use free -h
to quickly view current memory usage. Focus on the "available" field, which indicates the truly available memory. If this value is often close to zero, it means you need to optimize the program or increase memory.
FAQ:
- The system looks like "still memory", but in fact, the cache occupies a lot of space (this part can be released)
- The increase in Swap usage is usually a signal of memory pressure, not a normal phenomenon
Solutions include:
- Adjust the application's memory usage
- Reasonably set the swappiness parameter of Linux (the default is 60, the lower the value, the less likely it is to use swap)
Disk IO and file system must also be checked
The disk read and write speed directly affects database, log processing and other operations. You can use iostat
or iotop
to see which processes are reading and writing to disk in a crazy way. df -h
can help you check whether the disk space is almost full, especially the root directory /
and log directory /var/log
.
Notice:
- If
%util
is close to 100%, it means that the disk is saturated and may need to be upgraded to SSD or load balancing. - File system type will also affect performance, for example, ext4 and xfs perform differently in processing large files.
Network latency and bandwidth cannot be leaked
Network problems often disguise themselves as other failures. For example, a service is slow to respond, which may not be a problem with the code, but a high network latency or insufficient bandwidth. You can use ping
and traceroute
to check network connectivity and latency, and use iftop
or nload
to view bandwidth usage in real time.
Special reminder:
- If you are using Docker or Kubernetes, you should also pay attention to the network status between containers
- Slow DNS resolution will also cause overall service to slow down. You can use
dig
to test the resolution time.
Basically these aspects. The monitoring system performance does not require full control at once, just select key modules as needed. The key is to establish a habit of continuous observation, rather than waiting until something goes wrong before cramming.
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