Eloquent ORM 是 Laravel 的內(nèi)置對(duì)象關(guān)系映射系統(tǒng)，它通過(guò) PHP 語(yǔ)法而非原生 SQL 操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，使代碼更簡(jiǎn)潔易維護(hù)；1. 每個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)表對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)模型類(lèi)，每條記錄作為模型實(shí)例存在；2. 采用主動(dòng)記錄模式，模型實(shí)例可自行保存或更新；3. 支持批量賦值，需在模型中定義 $fillable 屬性以確保安全；4. 提供強(qiáng)大的關(guān)系支持，如一對(duì)一、一對(duì)多、多對(duì)多等，通過(guò)方法調(diào)用即可訪問(wèn)關(guān)聯(lián)數(shù)據(jù)；5. 集成查詢構(gòu)造器，可鏈?zhǔn)秸{(diào)用 where、orderBy 等方法構(gòu)建查詢；6. 支持訪問(wèn)器和修改器，可在獲取或設(shè)置屬性時(shí)格式化數(shù)據(jù)；7. 具備數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)無(wú)關(guān)性、SQL 注入防護(hù)及與 Laravel 其他功能無(wú)縫集成的優(yōu)勢(shì)；例如通過(guò) User::find(1)->posts 可獲取用戶的所有文章，而 $user->delete() 會(huì)自動(dòng)執(zhí)行刪除操作，所有 SQL 由 Eloquent 自動(dòng)處理，開(kāi)發(fā)者只需專注于 PHP 邏輯，因此 Eloquent 極大提升了開(kāi)發(fā)效率和代碼可讀性。

Eloquent ORM is Laravel’s built-in Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) system, which provides a simple and elegant way to interact with your database using PHP syntax instead of writing raw SQL queries.

Instead of thinking in terms of tables and rows, Eloquent lets you work with database records as if they were PHP objects, making your code cleaner, more readable, and easier to maintain.

What Does ORM Mean?

ORM stands for Object-Relational Mapping. It’s a programming technique that connects object-oriented code to relational databases. With Eloquent:

• Each database table corresponds to a model (a PHP class).
• Each record (row) in the table is represented as an instance of that model.
• You can perform CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) using methods on the model.

For example, if you have a users table, you’d create a User model, and then do things like:

$user = new User;
$user->name = 'John Doe';
$user->email = 'john@example.com';
$user->save();

This inserts a new user into the database — no SQL required.

Key Features of Eloquent

1. Active Record Pattern

Eloquent uses the active record pattern, meaning a model instance can save itself to the database.

$user = User::find(1);
$user->name = 'Jane Doe';
$user->save(); // Automatically updates the record

2. Mass Assignment & Fillable Attributes

You can insert or update multiple fields at once using create() or update(), but you must specify which attributes are mass-assignable for security:

User::create([
    'name' => 'Alice',
    'email' => 'alice@example.com'
]);

In your model:

class User extends Model {
    protected $fillable = ['name', 'email'];
}

3. Relationships Made Easy

One of Eloquent’s strongest features is how it handles relationships between models.

Common relationship types include:

• One to One
• One to Many
• Many to Many
• Has Many Through
• Polymorphic Relations

Example: A User has many Posts:

class User extends Model {
    public function posts() {
        return $this->hasMany(Post::class);
    }
}

Now you can access them like:

$posts = User::find(1)->posts;

4. Query Builder Integration

Eloquent models inherit Laravel’s powerful Query Builder, so you can chain methods to filter results:

$activeUsers = User::where('active', 1)
                   ->orderBy('name')
                   ->get();

5. Accessors, Mutators & Attributes

You can format or modify data when getting or setting model properties.

For example, automatically capitalize a name when setting it:

public function setNameAttribute($value) {
    $this->attributes['name'] = ucfirst($value);
}

Or format a full name when accessing:

public function getFullNameAttribute() {
    return $this->first_name . ' ' . $this->last_name;
}

Why Use Eloquent?

• Cleaner code: No messy SQL strings scattered in your PHP.
• Database agnostic: Switch databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.) with minimal changes.
• Built-in security: Protection against SQL injection via parameter binding.
• Powerful relationships: Define and use complex relationships with minimal code.
• Integrated with Laravel: Works seamlessly with other Laravel features like controllers, middleware, and Blade templates.

Quick Example

// Retrieve a user and their posts
$user = User::with('posts')->find(1);

// Add a new post
$post = new Post(['title' => 'My First Post']);
$user->posts()->save($post);

// Delete a user
$user->delete();

Eloquent handles all the underlying SQL automatically.

Basically, Eloquent ORM makes working with databases in Laravel intuitive and expressive — you write PHP, not SQL, and Laravel does the heavy lifting. It’s one of the reasons Laravel is so popular among PHP developers.

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