Go不採(cǎi)用傳統(tǒng)面向?qū)ο缶幊蹋峭ㄟ^組合、接口和方法實(shí)現(xiàn)類似目標(biāo)：1. 使用結(jié)構(gòu)體和方法模擬對(duì)象，實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)與行為的封裝；2. 通過結(jié)構(gòu)體嵌入實(shí)現(xiàn)組合而非繼承，利用字段和方法提升簡(jiǎn)化代碼；3. 通過隱式實(shí)現(xiàn)的接口實(shí)現(xiàn)多態(tài)，無(wú)需顯式聲明；4. 無(wú)構(gòu)造函數(shù)，但可通過New開頭的工廠函數(shù)初始化對(duì)象。 Go以更簡(jiǎn)潔、靈活的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)OOP核心思想，強(qiáng)調(diào)行為而非層級(jí)，證明無(wú)需類也能寫出清晰可複用的代碼。

Go doesn't follow traditional object-oriented programming (OOP) the way languages like Java or Python do. There are no classes, no inheritance, and no constructors in the classical sense. But that doesn't mean Go can't be used in an object-oriented way — it just takes a different approach.

Instead of forcing OOP patterns, Go embraces composition, interfaces, and methods to achieve similar goals with simplicity and clarity. Here's how Go handles key OOP concepts:

1. Structs Methods = Objects (Kind Of)

In Go, you define data using struct s, and you can attach functions to them using methods . This combination mimics what we think of as "objects" in other languages.

 type Person struct {
    Name string
    Age int
}

func (p Person) Greet() {
    fmt.Printf("Hi, I'm %s and I'm %d years old.\n", p.Name, p.Age)
}

Here, Person is a struct, and Greet is a method bound to it. The (p Person) is called a receiver — it's how Go associates the function with the type.

This gives you encapsulation of data and behavior, one of the core ideas in OOP.

Note: You can use pointer receivers ( *Person ) when you want to modify the struct or avoid copying large structs.

2. Composition Over Inheritance

Go does not support inheritance . Instead, it promotes composition — embedding one struct inside another.

 type Address struct {
    City string
    State string
}

type Employee struct {
    Person // Embedded struct
    Address // Embedded
    Salary float64
}

Now, an Employee "has a" Person , not "is a" Person . But thanks to embedding, you can access Person fields directly:

 e := Employee{
    Person: Person{Name: "Alice", Age: 30},
    Address: Address{City: "Seattle", State: "WA"},
    Salary: 75000,
}

fmt.Println(e.Name) // Works! Promoted field from Person
e.Greet() // Also works — promoted method

This is called promotion — Go promotes fields and methods of embedded types, making composition feel natural and clean.

This design avoids the complexity of deep inheritance hierarchies and the "diamond problem."

3. Interfaces: Polymorphism Without Classes

Go's interfaces are where its OOP-like behavior really shines. An interface defines behavior (methods), and any type that implements those methods automatically satisfies the interface — no implements keyword needed.

 type Speaker interface {
    Speak() string
}

type Dog struct{}
func (d Dog) Speak() string { return "Woof!" }

type Cat struct{}
func (c Cat) Speak() string { return "Meow!" }

Now both Dog and Cat satisfy the Speaker interface implicitly.

You can write functions that work with any Speaker :

 func MakeSound(s Speaker) {
    fmt.Println(s.Speak())
}

MakeSound(Dog{}) // Woof!
MakeSound(Cat{}) // Meow!

This is polymorphism — same interface, different behaviors — but without inheritance or class hierarchies.

Go's interfaces are usually small (one or two methods), which makes them easy to implement and compose.

4. No Constructors, But You Can Fake It

Go doesn't have constructors, but you typically use factory functions to initialize complex types:

 func NewPerson(name string, age int) *Person {
    if age < 0 {
        panic("invalid age")
    }
    return &Person{Name: name, Age: age}
}

Calling NewPerson("Bob", 25) is idiomatic and gives you control over initialization.

The New prefix is a convention in Go for factory functions.

Summary

Go's approach to OOP is pragmatic and minimal:

• ? Encapsulation via structs and methods
• ? Composition instead of inheritance
• ? Polymorphism via interfaces (implicit satisfaction)
• ? No classes , no inheritance , no method overloading

You still get the benefits of OOP — code reuse, modularity, polymorphism — but with less boilerplate and fewer pitfalls.

It's not classic OOP. It's Go's version: simple, composable, and focused on behavior rather than hierarchy.

Basically, Go says: “You don't need classes to write clean, reusable code.” And in practice, it works.

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