Linux文件權(quán)限中的r、w、x分別代表讀、寫、執(zhí)行權(quán)限。 r（read）允許查看文件內(nèi)容或列出目錄內(nèi)容；w（write）允許修改文件或增刪目錄內(nèi)文件；x（execute）允許運(yùn)行文件為程序或進(jìn)入目錄。權(quán)限分為三類：用戶（所有者）、組、其他，每類可擁有rwx組合。使用ls -l可查看權(quán)限，chmod命令可修改權(quán)限，支持符號(hào)模式和數(shù)字模式設(shè)置權(quán)限，常見用例包括600、644、700、755等組合以控制訪問安全。

In Linux, file permissions determine who can read, write, or execute a file. Understanding them is key to managing security and access control on your system. The rwx part stands for read, write, and execute — the three basic types of permissions you'll encounter.

What Do r, w, and x Mean?

Each file and directory in Linux has a set of permissions that control access. These are broken down into three categories: user (owner) , group , and others . Each category can have a combination of:

• r (read) – allows viewing the contents of a file or listing the contents of a directory
• w (write) – allows modifying the file or adding/removing files in a directory
• x (execute) – allows running the file as a program or entering a directory

So when you see something like -rwxr-xr-- , it's telling you:

• The owner has full permissions (read, write, execute)
• The group can read and execute
• Others can only read

This is the basic structure and how permissions are displayed in the system.

How to Read Permission Symbols

When you run ls -l , you'll see something like this:

 -rw-r--r-- 1 user group 4096 Apr 5 10:00 filename.txt

The first part ( -rw-r--r-- ) shows the permissions. Breaking it down:

• The first character indicates the file type ( - for regular file, d for directory)
• The next 9 characters are in 3 groups of 3:
  • First 3: user (owner)
  • Second 3: group
  • Third 3: others

Each group shows r, w, and x in that order. If a permission is missing, it shows a - .

So -rw-r--r-- means:

• Owner: read and write
• Group: read only
• Others: read only

How to Change File Permissions with chmod

You can change permissions using the chmod command. There are two common ways to use it:

Symbolic mode

This uses letters and symbols to add, remove, or set permissions:

• adds a permission
• - removes a permission
• = sets it explicitly

Examples:

• chmod ux script.sh – adds execute permission for the user
• chmod go-w file.txt – removes write permission for group and others

Numeric (octal) mode

Each permission has a number:

• r = 4
• w = 2
• x = 1

You add them up for each category:

• 7 (4 2 1) = rwx
• 6 (4 2) = rw-
• 5 (4 1) = rx

So to set a file to -rwxr-xr-- , you'd use:

 chmod 754 filename

This method is faster once you're used to it, especially when setting full permission sets at once.

Common Permission Use Cases

Some permission settings are used frequently:

• 600 (rw-------) – Only the owner can read and write (eg, private config files)
• 644 (rw-r--r--) – Owner can edit, others can only read (standard for web files)
• 700 (rwx------) – Only the owner can do anything (private directories)
• 755 (rwxr-xr-x) – Owner has full access, others can run and see contents (common for scripts and public directories)

Be careful with 777 – it gives full access to everyone, which is a big security risk. Don't use it unless you really know what you're doing.

基本上就這些。 Permissions in Linux might look confusing at first, but once you break them down into user/group/others and understand what r, w, and x mean, they become much more manageable.

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