在Go中，使用泛型實(shí)現(xiàn)棧和隊(duì)列的方法如下：1. 定義一個(gè)包含任意類型切片的結(jié)構(gòu)體；2. 為棧編寫Push、Pop和IsEmpty方法；3. 為隊(duì)列編寫Enqueue、Dequeue和IsEmpty方法；4. 根據(jù)性能需求選擇合適的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。通過泛型可實(shí)現(xiàn)類型安全且可複用的棧和隊(duì)列，適用於非高性能場景。

In Go, implementing a generic stack or queue used to be a bit of a pain because the language didn't support generics until version 1.18. But now with generics (using type parameters), you can build reusable and type-safe stacks or queues without duplicating code for each data type.

Here's how to do it in a clean, modern way.

Using Generics to Define a Stack

A stack follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle. You push items onto the top and pop them from the top.

To make a generic stack, define a struct that holds a slice of any type ( []T ), then write methods like Push , Pop , and IsEmpty .

 type Stack[T any] struct {
    items []T
}

func (s *Stack[T]) Push(item T) {
    s.items = append(s.items, item)
}

func (s *Stack[T]) Pop() (T, bool) {
    var zero T
    if len(s.items) == 0 {
        return zero, false
    }
    index := len(s.items) - 1
    item := s.items[index]
    s.items = s.items[:index]
    return item, true
}

func (s *Stack[T]) IsEmpty() bool {
    return len(s.items) == 0
}

You can now use this stack with any type:

 stack := &Stack[int]{}
stack.Push(10)
stack.Push(20)
val, ok := stack.Pop() // val = 20, ok = true

Note: Always check the ok return value when popping, just like with maps — it tells you whether the pop was successful.

Implementing a Generic Queue

A queue works on FIFO (First In, First Out). Items go in one end and come out the other.

There are different ways to implement a queue. One simple and effective way is using a slice again, but with Enqueue at the end and Dequeue from the front.

 type Queue[T any] struct {
    items []T
}

func (q *Queue[T]) Enqueue(item T) {
    q.items = append(q.items, item)
}

func (q *Queue[T]) Dequeue() (T, bool) {
    var zero T
    if len(q.items) == 0 {
        return zero, false
    }
    item := q.items[0]
    q.items = q.items[1:]
    return item, true
}

func (q *Queue[T]) IsEmpty() bool {
    return len(q.items) == 0
}

Use it like this:

 queue := &Queue[string]{}
queue.Enqueue("hello")
queue.Enqueue("world")
val, ok := queue.Dequeue() // val = "hello", ok = true

This works fine for small examples, but keep in mind that slicing from the front ( items[1:] ) copies the underlying array. If performance matters, consider using a linked list or a ring buffer.

Performance Considerations

If you're working with large amounts of data or high-frequency operations, there are some efficiency points to note:

• Slices as stacks are efficient because appending and popping from the end are O(1) amortized operations.
• Slices as queues are less optimal because removing from the front involves copying the slice.

For better performance in queues:

• Use a linked list (like container/list )
• Or use a circular buffer with fixed size
• Or use channels (only if you want blocking behavior)

But if your use case isn't performance-critical, sticking with slices is perfectly fine.

Summary

With Go's generics, writing reusable data structures like stacks and queues has become much cleaner and safer. Just define a type parameter T any , use slices or other containers inside your struct, and write the core logic once.

It's not super fancy, but it works well and keeps your code DRY.

基本上就這些。

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