Python的os模塊提供多種操作系統(tǒng)交互功能。 1. 使用os.path.join()和分割函數(shù)處理跨平臺文件路徑；2. 通過os.path.exists()、isfile()和isdir()檢查文件或目錄是否存在；3. 利用os.listdir()列出目錄內(nèi)容並可結(jié)合條件過濾；4. 用os.mkdir()和makedirs()創(chuàng)建目錄，os.rmdir()刪除空目錄，非空目錄需先清理或使用shutil.rmtree()；5. 借助os.getenv()獲取環(huán)境變量，以及os.getcwd()和chdir()管理當(dāng)前工作目錄。這些功能滿足日常OS操作需求，高級任務(wù)可配合shutil模塊完成。

When you need to interact with the operating system in Python, the os module is your go-to tool. It provides a way to perform common OS-level operations like working with file paths, checking if files exist, listing directory contents, and more — all while keeping your code portable across different platforms.

Here are some of the most useful things you can do with the os module:

1. Navigating and Working with File Paths

One of the most common uses of the os module is handling file paths in a cross-platform way.

• Use os.path.join() to build paths that work on any OS:

   os.path.join('folder', 'subfolder', 'file.txt')

  This will output folder/subfolder/file.txt on macOS/Linux or folder\subfolder\file.txt on Windows.

• You can also split paths using os.path.split() or get just the filename with os.path.basename() .

Pro tip: Avoid hardcoding path separators like / or \ . Always use os.path functions to keep your code compatible.

2. Check If a File or Directory Exists

Before trying to read or write a file, it's good practice to check if it exists.

• Use os.path.exists() :

   if os.path.exists("data.txt"):
      print("File exists!")

You can also be more specific:

• os.path.isfile("data.txt") checks if it's a file
• os.path.isdir("my_folder") checks if it's a directory

This helps avoid errors when your script assumes something exists but it doesn't.

3. List Files and Directories in a Folder

To see what's inside a directory, use os.listdir() :

 files = os.listdir("/path/to/folder")
for f in files:
    print(f)

This returns a list of filenames and subdirectories in the given path.

If you want to filter only .txt files, for example:

 txt_files = [f for f in os.listdir() if f.endswith(".txt")]

Note: This only gives you the names. To get full paths or check types, combine this with os.path functions.

4. Create and Remove Directories

Creating directories is straightforward:

• os.mkdir("new_folder") creates a single directory.
• For nested directories (like parent/child/grandchild ), use os.makedirs("parent/child") .

Removing them:

• os.rmdir("empty_folder") removes an empty directory.
• If the folder isn't empty, you'll need to delete its contents first or use shutil.rmtree() from another module.

Be careful not to accidentally delete important folders!

5. Get Environment Variables and Current User Info

Sometimes you need to know where your script is running or who is running it.

• Get environment variables with os.getenv() :

   home_dir = os.getenv("HOME") # On Unix systems

  Or on Windows:

   app_data = os.getenv("APPDATA")

• You can also get the current working directory with os.getcwd() and change it with os.chdir("new/path") .

These are especially useful for writing scripts that adapt to the user's environment.

That's a solid starting point for interacting with the OS using Python. There's more in the os module, but these tools cover most day-to-day needs. Keep in mind that for more advanced tasks (like copying whole directories), you might want to look into modules like shutil , which builds on top of os .

基本上就這些。

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