在Go中，goroutine和線程的主要區(qū)別在於管理和開銷。 1. goroutine由Go運行時管理，而線程由操作系統(tǒng)管理；2. goroutine更輕量，初始棧小且動態(tài)增長，可輕鬆創(chuàng)建數(shù)萬並發(fā)執(zhí)行單元；3. goroutine之間通過channel通信，避免共享內(nèi)存帶來的同步問題；4. goroutine切換開銷更小，Go調(diào)度器自動優(yōu)化執(zhí)行；5. 線程適用於CPU密集型任務(wù)，而goroutine更適合高並發(fā)場景。

In Go, the difference between a goroutine and a thread comes down to how they're managed and how much overhead they carry. Threads are managed by the operating system, while goroutines are managed by the Go runtime. That might sound abstract, but it has real-world implications for performance, scalability, and ease of use.

Goroutines Are Lightweight

One of the main selling points of goroutines is that they're lightweight compared to threads. A typical thread in most operating systems uses megabytes of memory for its stack, mostly because the stack size needs to be pre-allocated and grows only up to a limit.

Goroutines, on the other hand, start with a small stack (a few kilobytes) and grow dynamically as needed. The Go runtime takes care of managing this automatically, so you don't have to worry about stack overflows or wasting memory.

This means:

• You can easily run tens of thousands of goroutines without exhausting system resources.
• Goroutines are cheaper to create and destroy than threads.
• They're ideal for concurrency patterns like spawning one goroutine per incoming request.

Threads Are Managed by the OS; Goroutines by the Go Runtime

Threads are scheduled directly by the operating system. Every time you create a thread, you're asking the OS to allocate resources and manage scheduling. This adds overhead, especially when dealing with large numbers of threads.

Goroutines are multiplexed onto a smaller number of OS threads by the Go scheduler. The Go runtime handles when and where each goroutine runs. This gives you more concurrency with less context-switching overhead.

Some practical consequences:

• Less switching cost between goroutines than between threads.
• The Go runtime can optimize execution based on workload.
• You don't need to manually manage thread pools or worry about oversubscription.

Communication Between Goroutines Is Easier

Go encourages a style of programming where goroutines communicate via channels rather than sharing memory. Channels provide a clean way to pass data between concurrent units safely.

With threads, shared memory is the usual communication mechanism, which often leads to complex synchronization using mutexes and condition variables—prone to bugs like deadlocks and race conditions.

So with goroutines:

• You can send values across goroutines using channels ( chan ).
• It's easier to build pipelines or worker pools.
• Built-in language support makes this pattern natural and readable.

Performance Considerations

When comparing performance, goroutines usually outshine threads due to lower overhead. Creating a new goroutine is fast—often just a few nanoseconds. And since the Go scheduler manages them efficiently, you get better throughput under high concurrency.

Threads, being heavier, take longer to start and require more memory. High numbers of threads can lead to "thread thrashing," where the OS spends more time switching between threads than doing actual work.

But keep in mind:

• For CPU-bound tasks that don't require massive concurrency, threads may perform similarly.
• Blocking operations inside a goroutine can affect performance if not handled carefully.
• The Go runtime does a good job of handling blocking calls by creating more threads underneath.

基本上就這些。

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