RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) is a default open-source and widely-used package management utility for Red Hat-based systems such as CentOS Fedora, Rocky, and Alma Linux.

The rpm package management tool enables system administrators and users to install, update, uninstall, query, verify, and manage software packages on Unix/Linux operating systems, which formerly known as a .rpm file, contains compiled software programs and libraries required by the packages.

This article provides 20 useful examples of RPM commands that might be helpful to you. With the help of these RPM commands, you can manage the installation, updating, and removal of packages on your Linux systems.

RPM Facts

Here are some facts about RPM (Red Hat Package Manager):

• RPM is freely available and released under the General Public License (GPL).
• RPM maintains a database of all installed packages, storing this information in the /var/lib/rpm directory.
• RPM serves as the primary method for installing packages on Linux systems. If packages have been installed using source code, RPM does not manage them.
• RPM operates with .rpm files, containing vital package information such as its identity, source, dependencies, version details, and more.

Basic Modes for RPM Command

Here are the primary modes for the RPM command:

• Install – The rpm -i command installs a new package on the system.
• Upgrade – The rpm -U command upgrades an existing package to a newer version.
• Remove – The rpm -e command uninstalls or removes a package from the system.
• Query – The rpm -q command queries the RPM database for information about installed packages.
• Verify – The rpm -V command verifies the integrity of installed package files.
• Freshen – The rpm -F command upgrades or installs a package only if it is already installed.
• Rebuild Database – The rpm --rebuilddb command rebuilds the RPM database, resolving database corruption issues.
• Import GPG Key – The rpm --import command imports a GPG key used for package signature verification.
• Query All – The rpm -qa command lists all installed packages on the system.
• Query Files – The rpm -ql command lists all files installed by a specific package.
• Query Documentation – The rpm -qd command lists documentation files provided by a package.
• Query Dependencies – The rpm -qR command lists runtime dependencies for a package.
• Query Provides – The rpm -q --provides command lists capabilities provided by a package.
• Query Requires – The rpm -q --requires command lists dependencies required by a package.

Where to Find RPM Packages

You can find RPM packages in several places, depending on your Linux distribution. Here are common locations where you can find and download all RPM packages.

• http://rpmfind.net
• http://www.redhat.com
• https://pkgs.org/
• http://rpm.pbone.net/

Please remember you must be a root user when installing packages in Linux, with the root privileges you can manage rpm commands with their appropriate options.

1. How to Check RPM Package Signature

Always check the PGP signature of packages before installing them on your Linux systems and make sure their integrity and origin are OK.

Use the following command with --checksig (check signature) option to check the signature of a package called hardinfo.

<strong>rpm --checksig hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm</strong>

hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm: digests OK

2. How to Install RPM Package

To install an RPM software package, use the following command with -ivh option, which will install the rpm package called hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm on a Linux system.

<strong>rpm -ivh hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm</strong>

Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:hardinfo-2.0.11-1                ################################# [100%]

Let’s break down the components of the above command:

• -i : install a package
• -v : verbose for a nicer display
• -h: print hash marks (#) to show the progress of the installation.

3. How to Check Dependencies of RPM Package Before Installing

Let’s say you would like to do a dependency check before installing or upgrading a package. For example, use the following command to check the dependencies of hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm package.

The command queries and displays the runtime dependencies required by the “hardinfo” package, which helps to identify and ensure that all necessary dependencies are met before installing the package.

<strong>rpm -qpR hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm</strong>
 
libX11.so.6()(64bit)
libatk-1.0.so.0()(64bit)
libc.so.6()(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.33)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.34)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.38)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.7)(64bit)
libcairo-gobject.so.2()(64bit)
libcairo.so.2()(64bit)
...

Let’s break down the components of the above command:

• -q : Query a package.
• -p : List capabilities this package provides.
• -R : List capabilities on which this package depends.

4. How to Install RPM Package Without Dependencies

To install an rpm package without dependencies, you can use --nodeps option, which will forcefully install an RPM package without checking or resolving dependencies.

rpm -ivh --nodeps hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm

The above command forcefully installs the rpm package by ignoring dependencies errors, but if those dependency files are missing, then the program will not work at all until you install them.

5. How to Check Installed RPM Package

To check an installed rpm package, you can use -q option, which will query and display information about the installed version of the package.

<strong>rpm -q hardinfo</strong>

hardinfo-2.0.11-1.x86_64

6. How to Find Where RPM Files are Installed

To view all the files of an installed rpm package, use the -ql (query list) with rpm command.

<strong>rpm -ql hardinfo</strong>

/usr/bin/hardinfo2
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/3a
/usr/lib/.build-id/53
/usr/lib/.build-id/7c
/usr/lib/.build-id/ba
/usr/lib/.build-id/e0
/usr/lib64/hardinfo2
/usr/lib64/hardinfo2/modules
/usr/lib64/hardinfo2/modules/benchmark.so
/usr/lib64/hardinfo2/modules/computer.so
/usr/lib64/hardinfo2/modules/devices.so
/usr/lib64/hardinfo2/modules/network.so
...

7. How to List Recently Installed RPM Packages

Use the following rpm command with -qa (query all) option, will list all the recently installed rpm packages.

<strong>rpm -qa --last</strong>


hardinfo-2.0.11-1.x86_64                      Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:14 PM IST
pipewire-pulseaudio-1.0.3-1.fc39.x86_64       Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:02 PM IST
pipewire-jack-audio-connection-kit-1.0.3-1.fc39.x86_64 Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:02 PM IST
pipewire-alsa-1.0.3-1.fc39.x86_64             Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:02 PM IST
libsoup-devel-2.74.3-3.fc39.x86_64            Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:02 PM IST
json-glib-devel-1.8.0-1.fc39.x86_64           Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:02 PM IST
gtk3-devel-3.24.41-1.fc39.x86_64              Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:02 PM IST
xdg-desktop-portal-gtk-1.15.1-1.fc39.x86_64   Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:01 PM IST
xdg-desktop-portal-1.18.2-1.fc39.x86_64       Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:01 PM IST
libcanberra-gtk3-0.30-32.fc39.x86_64          Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:01 PM IST
gtk3-3.24.41-1.fc39.x86_64                    Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:01 PM IST
...

8. How to List All Installed RPM Packages

Type the following command to print all the names of installed packages on your Linux system.

<strong>rpm -qa</strong>

fonts-filesystem-2.0.5-12.fc39.noarch
libreport-filesystem-2.17.11-3.fc39.noarch
hunspell-filesystem-1.7.2-5.fc39.x86_64
abattis-cantarell-vf-fonts-0.301-10.fc39.noarch
fedora-gpg-keys-39-1.noarch
fedora-repos-39-1.noarch
setup-2.14.4-1.fc39.noarch
filesystem-3.18-6.fc39.x86_64
basesystem-11-18.fc39.noarch
default-fonts-core-sans-4.0-9.fc39.noarch
langpacks-fonts-en-4.0-9.fc39.noarch
...

9. How to Upgrade a RPM Package

If we want to upgrade any RPM package “–U” (upgrade) option will be used. One of the major advantages of using this option is that it will not only upgrade the latest version of any package, but it will also maintain the backup of the older package so that in case if the newer upgraded package does not run the previously installed package can be used again.

rpm -Uvh hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm

10. How to Remove a RPM Package

To un-install an RPM package, for example, we use the package name hardinfo, not the original package name hardinfo-2.0.11-FedoraLinux-39.x86_64.rpm. The -e (erase) option is used to remove the package.

rpm -evv hardinfo

11. How to Remove an RPM Package Without Dependencies

The --nodeps (do not check dependencies) option forcefully remove the rpm package from the system. But keep in mind removing a particular package may break other working applications.

rpm -ev --nodeps hardinfo

12. How to Find RPM Package of a Specific File

Let’s say, you have a list of files and you would like to find out which package belongs to these files. For example, the following command with -qf (query file) option will show you a file /usr/bin/htpasswd that is owned by package httpd-tools-2.4.58-1.fc39.x86_64.

rpm -qf /usr/bin/htpasswd

httpd-tools-2.4.58-1.fc39.x86_64

13. How to Query Information of Installed RPM Package

Let’s say you have installed an rpm package and want to know the information about the package. The following -qi (query info) option will print the available information of the installed package.

<strong>rpm -qi hardinfo</strong>

Name        : hardinfo
Version     : 2.0.11
Release     : 1
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Mon 04 Mar 2024 01:32:14 PM IST
Group       : unknown
Size        : 5174404
License     : GPL2+
Signature   : (none)
Source RPM  : hardinfo-2.0.11-1.src.rpm
Build Date  : Sat 02 Mar 2024 06:37:42 AM IST
Build Host  : fedora.bigbear.dk
Relocations : /usr 
Vendor      : Humanity
URL         : https://www.hardinfo2.org
Summary     : hardinfo2 built using CMake
Description :
Hardinfo2 is a small application that displays information about your hardware and operating system.  It has online benchmarking to check your machine performance against other machines.

14. Get the Information of RPM Package Before Installing

You have downloaded a package from the internet and want to know the information of a package before installing. For example, the following option -qip (query info package) will print the information of a package sqlbuddy.

<strong>rpm -qip sqlbuddy</strong>

Name        : sqlbuddy                     Relocations: (not relocatable)
Version     : 1.3.3                        Vendor: (none)
Release     : 1                            Build Date: Wed 02 Nov 2011 11:01:21 PM BDT
Install Date: (not installed)              Build Host: rpm.bar.baz
Group       : Applications/Internet        Source RPM: sqlbuddy-1.3.3-1.src.rpm
Size        : 1155804                      License: MIT
Signature   : (none)
Packager    : Erik M Jacobs
URL         : http://www.sqlbuddy.com/
Summary     : SQL Buddy a Web based MySQL administration
Description : SQLBuddy is a PHP script that allows for web-based MySQL administration.

15. How to Query Documentation of Installed RPM Package

To get the list of available documentation of an installed package, use the following command with the option -qdf (query document file) will display the manual pages related to the vmstat package.

<strong>rpm -qdf /usr/bin/vmstat</strong>

/usr/share/doc/procps-ng/AUTHORS
/usr/share/doc/procps-ng/FAQ
/usr/share/doc/procps-ng/NEWS
/usr/share/doc/procps-ng/README.md
/usr/share/doc/procps-ng/bugs.md
/usr/share/man/man1/free.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/pgrep.1.gz
...

16. How to Verify a RPM Package

Verifying a package compares the information of installed files of the package against the rpm database. The -Vp (verify package) is used to verify a package.

rpm -Vp sqlbuddy-1.3.3-1.noarch.rpm

S.5....T.  c /etc/httpd/conf.d/sqlbuddy.conf

17. How to Verify all RPM Packages

Type the following command to verify all the installed rpm packages.

<strong>rpm -Va</strong>

S.5....T.  c /etc/rc.d/rc.local
.......T.  c /etc/dnsmasq.conf
.......T.    /etc/ld.so.conf.d/kernel-2.6.32-279.5.2.el6.i686.conf
S.5....T.  c /etc/yum.conf
S.5....T.  c /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo

18. How to Import an RPM GPG Key

To verify RHEL/CentOS/Fedora packages, you must import the GPG key. To do so, execute the following command. It will import the CentOS 8?GPG key.

rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-8

19. How to List all Imported RPM GPG Keys

To print all the imported GPG keys in your system, use the following command.

<strong>rpm -qa gpg-pubkey*</strong>

gpg-pubkey-0608b895-4bd22942
gpg-pubkey-7fac5991-4615767f
gpg-pubkey-0f2672c8-4cd950ee
gpg-pubkey-c105b9de-4e0fd3a3
gpg-pubkey-00f97f56-467e318a
gpg-pubkey-6b8d79e6-3f49313d
gpg-pubkey-849c449f-4cb9df30

20. How To Rebuild Corrupted RPM Database

Sometimes rpm database gets corrupted and stops all the functionality of rpm and other applications on the system. So, at this time we need to rebuild the rpm database and restore it with the help of the following command.

cd /var/lib
rm __db*
rpm --rebuilddb
rpmdb_verify Packages

In conclusion, the presented rpm commands provide a comprehensive guide for efficiently managing software packages on RHEL-based Linux distributions.

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