> mmdebstrap是一種以最小和高效的方式創(chuàng)建基於Debian的系統(tǒng)圖像（root Filesystems）的工具。它旨在簡單，快速且輕巧，非常適合為容器，虛擬機或嵌入式系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)建小型，定制的系統(tǒng)圖像。如果您經(jīng)常使用MMDEBSTRAP創(chuàng)建最小的基於Debian的系統(tǒng)，則本指南將幫助您進行故障排除並修復您可能會遇到的最常見問題。
1。無法創(chuàng)建 /dev /null：權限拒絕問題：結論
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease 0% [Connecting to security.debian.org (2a04:4e42:400::644)]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed 0% [Waiting for headers]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease 0% [Working]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done All packages are up to date. W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm-updates/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/bookworm-security/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
> 1。無法創(chuàng)建 /dev /null：許可拒絕
問題：
>
當運行命令在chroot內(nèi)部運行時，您會看到類似的錯誤，例如：
sudo mount --bind /dev /path/to/chroot/dev
sudo mount --bind /dev ~/debian-chroot/dev/解決方案：
gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed
替換/path/path/to/chroot to/chroot與您的Chroot所在的目錄。
>sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt install -y gpgvexample
example
：：
： The repository is not signed. Updating from such a repository can't be done securely.2。缺少GPG工具（找不到GPGV）
>問題：
>在運行APT更新時，您會看到錯誤：解決方案： 在chroot：3。存儲庫驗證錯誤問題：>運行APT UPDATE時，您會看到類似於： 解決方案：- 安裝gpgv（請參見上面的解決方案2）。
- >更新軟件包列表：
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease Hit:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease 0% [Connecting to security.debian.org (2a04:4e42:400::644)]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed 0% [Waiting for headers]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease 0% [Working]/usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied /usr/bin/apt-key: 95: cannot create /dev/null: Permission denied E: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Err:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree... Done Reading state information... Done All packages are up to date. W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: http://security.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease: gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/bookworm-updates/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Failed to fetch http://security.debian.org/debian-security/dists/bookworm-security/InRelease gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed W: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.>為什麼此功能：
gpgv是需要驗證包裝真實性的。沒有它，APT將無法安全地更新軟件包列表。
4。 CHROOT
sudo mount --bind /dev /path/to/chroot/dev問題中的網(wǎng)絡問題：
sudo mount --bind /dev ~/debian-chroot/dev/解決方案：
CHROOT環(huán)境可能無法訪問主機的網(wǎng)絡配置。要解決此問題，請將主機的DNS設置複製到Chroot：
>為什麼起作用：
resolv.conf文件包含DNS設置。從主機複製它可確保Chroot可以解析域名。 5。>缺少必需軟件包
問題：gpgv, gpgv2 or gpgv1 required for verification, but neither seems installed> ls或bash之類的基本命令在chroot內(nèi)部不起作用。
>
解決方案：
安裝基本的coreutils and bash and bash and bash and bash and bash：
sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt install -y gpgv問題：>在使用chroot後，您忘記卸下 /dev，離開主機的 /dev目錄。狀態(tài)。 7。在創(chuàng)建chroot。 解決方案之後，使用mmdebstrap與-include問題：
The repository is not signed. Updating from such a repository can't be done securely.>問題：您經(jīng)常需要安裝相同的軟件包（例如gpgv，gnupg）。在創(chuàng)建過程中要安裝的其他軟件包，節(jié)省了時間和精力。 8。在測試後清理問題：
sudo chroot /path/to/chroot apt update始終刪除Chroot Directory the Chroot Directory，當您完成時：
Temporary failure resolving 'deb.debian.org'清潔。 9。自動化過程（可選）
sudo cp /etc/resolv.conf /path/to/chroot/etc/resolv.conf
問題：
>您經(jīng)常創(chuàng)建和測試chroots並想要自動化過程。例如：
>將此腳本保存為mmdebstrap-test.sh，使其可使用CHMOD x mmdebstrap-test.sh使其可執(zhí)行，然後運行它： mmdebstrap是一種強大的工具，可以創(chuàng)建最小的系統(tǒng)，但要拖到最小的系統(tǒng)。通過遵循此故障排除指南，您可以快速解決常見問題並重新開始工作。記住：- >
- > 安裝 /開機在Chroot內(nèi)部。
- >安裝gpgv用於包裝驗證。
- > >如果需要，請複制主機的DNS設置。
- > >
>
> 在測試後清理以釋放磁盤空間以釋放磁盤空間。以上是MMDEBSTRAP的故障排除指南：解決常見問題的詳細內(nèi)容。更多資訊請關注PHP中文網(wǎng)其他相關文章！
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