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How to make a Bootstrap navbar sticky or fixed to the top?

How to make a Bootstrap navbar sticky or fixed to the top?

To make the Bootstrap navigation bar pinned to the top when the page is scrolling, use the built-in utility class. 1. Use the .fixed-top class to fix the navigation bar to the top of the viewport, which will make it out of the document stream and always be visible through position:fixed, but be aware that the content may be obscured, so padding-top (usually 56px) should be added to avoid overlap. 2. Use the .sticky-top class to achieve context sticky behavior. The navigation bar will scroll with the document normally until it reaches the top of the viewport. Since it remains in the document stream, it will not overwrite the content and there is no need to set up padding. 3. Summary: .fixed-top is suitable for most guides that need to be always fixed

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:14 PM
How to use the collections.defaultdict in Python?

How to use the collections.defaultdict in Python?

The reason for using defaultdict instead of ordinary dict is that it can automatically provide default values for non-existent keys, avoid KeyError and reduce the amount of code for initialization checks; 1. Use list as the default factory to easily group elements; 2. Use int to simplify counting operations, and the default value of new keys is 0; 3. Use set to ensure that elements in the set are unique and automatically deduplicate; 4. Use lambda and other custom functions to create complex structures such as nested dictionaries; it should be noted that the default factory only triggers when accessing missing keys, and must be a callable object, which cannot be None. Reasonable use can significantly improve the simplicity and robustness of the code.

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:11 PM
What is the purpose of the DISTINCT keyword in SQL?

What is the purpose of the DISTINCT keyword in SQL?

ThepurposeoftheDISTINCTkeywordinSQListoremoveduplicaterowsfromtheresultset,returningonlyuniquevalues.1.DISTINCTfiltersoutrepeatedcombinationsofvaluesintheselectedcolumns,ensuringeachrowintheoutputisunique.2.Itoperatesontheentirecombinationofselectedc

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:09 PM
What are Common Table Expressions (CTEs) in SQL and how are they used?

What are Common Table Expressions (CTEs) in SQL and how are they used?

CTEsimproveSQLreadabilityandsimplifycomplexqueriesbybreakingthemintologicalsteps.1.Theysimplifycomplexqueriesbyreplacingnestedsubquerieswithcleartemporaryresultsets,asshownwhenfindingemployeesearningabovetheirdepartment’saveragesalary.2.Theyenablerec

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:07 PM
How to manage user and workspace settings in VSCode

How to manage user and workspace settings in VSCode

Usersettingsapplyglobally,whileworkspacesettingsareproject-specificandoverrideusersettings.2.AccesssettingsviaCtrl ,oreditsettings.jsondirectlyformorecontrol.3.Useworkspacesettings.jsontoconfigureeditorbehavior,excludefiles,andsetproject-specificrule

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:05 PM
vscode user settings
How to create a system image backup in Windows

How to create a system image backup in Windows

Asystemimageisacompletesnapshotofyoursystemdrive,includingtheOS,programs,settings,andfiles,usedforfulldisasterrecovery.2.Tocreateone,connectasufficientlylargeexternaldriveoraccessanetworklocation.3.OpenControlPanel,gotoSystemandSecurity>BackupandR

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:03 PM
How to use HTML to send an email from a form

How to use HTML to send an email from a form

HTMLalonecannotsendemails;itonlycreatestheformstructure.Tosendanemailfromaform,youmustuseaserver-sidescriptorathird-partyservicetoprocessthedata.1.CreateanHTMLformusingthePOSTmethodtocollectuserinputlikename,email,andmessage.2.Useaserver-sidescriptsu

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:02 PM
html email
C   std::generate example

C std::generate example

std::generate is used to fill existing elements in the container, and space needs to be allocated in advance; 1. The incremental sequence can be achieved using lambda capture variables; 2. The random value can be generated in combination with the random number engine; 3. The state can be maintained through functors to generate sequences such as square numbers; the generator must be a callable object, which is often used to initialize test data or generate specific sequences, and is flexible and concise.

Aug 07, 2025 pm 07:00 PM
python logging example

python logging example

Python's logging module can realize log grading, output to console and files, record exception stacks, etc. 1. Use basicConfig to configure the log format and level, which only takes effect for the first time; 2. Create logger and set the level, output to the console through StreamHandler, and output to the file; 3. Use ifnotlogger.handlers to prevent repeated addition of handlers; 4. Use exc_info=True to record the exception stack when calling the log method; 5. It is recommended to use __name__ as the logger name to identify the source of the module; 6. It is recommended to use dictCon for large projects.

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:59 PM
Troubleshooting touchpad not working on a Windows laptop

Troubleshooting touchpad not working on a Windows laptop

First,checkifthetouchpadisdisabledbyusingtheFnkeyshortcutorverifyingthesettinginWindowsSettingsunderDevices>Touchpad.2.Next,restartthetouchpaddriverviaDeviceManagerbydisablingandre-enablingthedevice,orupdateorreinstallthedriver.3.EnsureWindowsisup

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:56 PM
How to escape single quotes in SQL?

How to escape single quotes in SQL?

To correctly handle single quotes in SQL, you need to represent single quotes in strings with two single quotes, such as 'O''Connor', which is the standard method for most databases; 1. Use two single quotes in strings to represent a literal single quote; 2. Avoid relying on backslash escapes because their behavior depends on database schema settings; 3. The best practice is to use parameterized queries, and the database driver automatically and safely handle escapes, prevent SQL injection and simplify code.

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:53 PM
What are Web Components in relation to HTML5?

What are Web Components in relation to HTML5?

WebComponentsarenotpartoftheHTML5specificationbutareasetofwebplatformAPIsthatworkwithHTML5toextenditscapabilitiesbyenablingreusable,customHTMLelements.1.CustomElementsallowdefiningnewHTMLtagsboundtoJavaScriptclasses.2.ShadowDOMprovidesencapsulationby

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:50 PM
Why are my icons not refreshing on the desktop in Windows?

Why are my icons not refreshing on the desktop in Windows?

CleartheiconcachebydeletingtheIconCache.dbfileandrestartWindowsExplorertoforceWindowstorebuildit.2.Manuallyrefreshthedesktopbyright-clickingandselectingRefreshorpressingF5.3.RestartWindowsExplorerviaTaskManagertoresolveUIglitches.4.Checkforthird-part

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:48 PM
windows icon
How to take a screenshot on a Windows laptop

How to take a screenshot on a Windows laptop

PressWindows PrtScntocapturetheentirescreenandsaveitautomaticallyasaPNGinPictures>Screenshots.2.PressPrtScnalonetocopythefullscreentotheclipboardforpastingintoappsmanually.3.PressAlt PrtScntocopyonlytheactivewindowtotheclipboard.4.PressWindows Shi

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:47 PM
windows screenshot
How to get the size of a file in Go

How to get the size of a file in Go

Useos.Stat()togetfilemetadataandcallFileInfo.Size()toretrievethefilesizeinbytes,ensuringtohandleerrorsifthefiledoesn’texistorisn’taccessible;2.Ifdealingwithsymboliclinksandneedinginfoaboutthelinkitself,useos.Lstat()insteadofos.Stat();3.Alternatively,

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:46 PM
How to secure API routes in Laravel?

How to secure API routes in Laravel?

Use LaravelSanctum for API authentication, and use LaravelSanctum to install, publish configuration and migration, add middleware and protect routes with auth:sanctum; 2. The user generates API tokens and carries BearerTokens in the request; 3. Apply middleware for API routing, including authentication, current limiting and scope-based access control; 4. Protect.env files and configurations to ensure the security of the production environment; 5. Force HTTPS to prevent token leakage in the production environment; 6. Verify and filter input data to avoid quality assignment vulnerabilities; 7. Record and monitor suspicious activities, such as unauthorized access attempts. In summary, it passes Sanctum authentication, middleware protection, input verification, HTTPS encryption, current limiting and

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:42 PM
laravel api security
What are data attributes in HTML and how can you access them with JavaScript?

What are data attributes in HTML and how can you access them with JavaScript?

Data attributes are custom attributes used in HTML to store additional information. They start with data- and can be accessed through the dataset attribute of JavaScript; 1. Use element.dataset to convert the data-* attribute to the camelCase form attribute to read; 2. The read and write values of dataset are strings and need to be manually converted to Boolean or numeric types; 3. Use bracket notation to dynamically access the attribute name. They are suitable for storing element metadata and passing server data to avoid abuse of global variables, but should not store large amounts of data.

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:39 PM
html
What does the yield keyword do in Python?

What does the yield keyword do in Python?

TheyieldkeywordinPythoncreatesgeneratorfunctionsthatreturnlazyiterators,producingvaluesoneatatime.2.Generatorsarememoryefficientbecausetheygenerateitemsondemandratherthanstoringentiresequencesinmemory.3.Unlikereturn,yieldpausesthefunction’sexecutiona

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:38 PM
How to fix slow Wi-Fi speed on Windows 10 laptop

How to fix slow Wi-Fi speed on Windows 10 laptop

First,checkyouractualinternetspeedusingaspeedtestonmultipledevicestodetermineiftheissueiswithyourlaptoporthenetwork;ifotherdevicesarefast,theproblemisisolatedtoyourlaptop.2.Restartyourrouter,modem,andlaptoptocleartemporarynetworkglitches.3.Updateorre

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:37 PM
VSCode IntelliSense not working

VSCode IntelliSense not working

First, confirm whether the language server is running, check the status of language servers such as Pylance or TypeScript through the command panel, and ensure that the Python interpreter is correctly selected or that there are no errors in the TS server; 2. Check the VSCode settings to ensure that editor.quickSuggestions, editor.suggestOnTriggerCharacters and other related options are enabled, and eliminate AI-class extension conflicts; 3. Restart the language server and use the "Python:RestartLanguageServer" or "TypeScript:RestartTSServer" command to restore the service; 4. Troubleshoot the expansion

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:36 PM
php java programming
What is method resolution order (MRO) in Python multiple inheritance?

What is method resolution order (MRO) in Python multiple inheritance?

MROinPythondeterminesthemethodlookuporderinmultipleinheritanceusingtheC3linearizationalgorithm.1.TheMROensuresaconsistent,predictableorderbyplacingeachclassbeforeitsparents.2.Itresolvesthediamondproblembypreventingduplicatemethodcallsfromacommonances

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:33 PM
Fixed: Windows Is Showing 'The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable'

Fixed: Windows Is Showing 'The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable'

RunchkdskX:/f/rtofixfilesystemerrorsandbadsectors,schedulingitonnextrestartifnecessary.2.Executesfc/scannowinCommandPromptasAdministratortorepaircorruptedWindowssystemfiles.3.UseDISM/Online/Cleanup-Image/RestoreHealthifSFCfails,followedbyanotherSFCsc

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:32 PM
windows damaged file
'Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. (Code 43)' for USB or GPU

'Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. (Code 43)' for USB or GPU

The"Windowshasstoppedthisdevicebecauseithasreportedproblems(Code43)"erroristypicallycausedbydriverissues,hardwarefailure,powermanagementconflicts,orphysicalconnectionproblems.1.RestartthePCtoresolvetemporaryglitches.2.Updateorreinstallthede

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:31 PM
How to use the map and area tags for image maps in HTML

How to use the map and area tags for image maps in HTML

Usetheusemapattributeinthetagtolinktoanamedmap.2.Defineclickableareasinsidetheelementusingtagswithshapeandcoordsattributes.3.Specifyshapeslikerect,circle,orpolywithcorrectcoordinatesyntaxforaccurateregions.4.Addhref,alt,title,andtargetattributestofor

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:30 PM
html 圖像地圖
How to configure per-app audio devices in Windows

How to configure per-app audio devices in Windows

Windowsdoesnotnativelysupportpersistentper-appaudiodeviceassignment,butyoucanusethebuilt-inAppvolumeanddevicepreferencestoassignoutputdevicestoactiveappsbyopeningSoundsettings,clickingMoresoundsettings,andselectingdevicesundertheAppvolumeanddevicepre

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:28 PM
C   memory alignment example

C memory alignment example

Memory alignment is to improve access performance and avoid hardware exceptions, ensuring that data is stored by specific byte boundaries. 1. Members in the structure insert padding bytes according to their alignment requirements. If char is followed by int, 3 bytes must be added to make the int at the 4-byte alignment address; 2. The total size of the structure is aligned to a multiple of the maximum member alignment bytes; 3. Use alignof to obtain the alignment requirements of the type, and alignas specifies a custom alignment method, such as alignas(16) to ensure 16-byte alignment; 4. Use #pragmapack(1) to disable padding to compress the structure size, but may reduce performance or cause unaligned access errors; 5. Memory alignment is particularly important in SIMD, embedded and high-performance scenarios. Correct understanding

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:27 PM
c++ memory alignment
What is the idiomatic way to handle errors in Go?

What is the idiomatic way to handle errors in Go?

TheidiomaticwaytohandleerrorsinGoistotreaterrorsasvaluesandcheckthemexplicitlyimmediatelyaftereachoperation:1.Checkerrorasareturnvalueusingiferr!=niltohandlefailuresdirectly;2.Handleorreturnerrorsclosetothesource,wrappingthemwithfmt.Errorfand%wforcon

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:26 PM
How to use Vue Devtools?

How to use Vue Devtools?

InstallvueDevolsfromchromewebstore, Firefoxadd-on, Oredgeadd-on.2.OUNTENBROWSS DeveloperStooltthe "Vue" tabtoacesSttheinterface.3.usethecomponponponspantoStoSpectProps.4.4.Poperties, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andevents, Andeverts.S.

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:25 PM
Fixed: Windows Is Showing 'No Audio Output Device Is Installed'

Fixed: Windows Is Showing 'No Audio Output Device Is Installed'

Check the physical connection and hardware to ensure that the speakers or headphones are plugged in correctly and work properly; 2. Run the audio troubleshooter to automatically detect and fix the problem through the system sound options in the settings; 3. Enable the audio device in the Device Manager to display the hidden devices and enable the gray-displayed audio controller; 4. Reinstall or update the audio driver, restart and reinstall it automatically after uninstalling through the Device Manager, or download the latest driver from the manufacturer's official website to manually install it; 5. Check the Windows Audio Service to ensure that the Windows Audio and AudioEndpointBuilder services are running and the startup type is automatic; 6. Delete UpperFilters or LowerFil through the Registry Editor

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:23 PM
windows 音頻輸出
How to use interfaces effectively in Go

How to use interfaces effectively in Go

Designsmall,focusedinterfaceswithoneorfewmethodstopromotereuseandeaseofimplementation.2.Acceptinterfacesinfunctionparametersbutreturnconcretetypestoincreaseflexibilitywhilemaintainingclarity.3.Defineinterfacesattheconsumerside,notintheimplementingpac

Aug 07, 2025 pm 06:21 PM