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靜態(tài)方法
類方法
其他的魔術(shù)方法
__getattr__
應(yīng)用
__getitem__
References
引言
描述符的定義
描述符基礎(chǔ)
描述符的原理
描述符觸發(fā)
描述符優(yōu)先級(jí)
Property
在運(yùn)行時(shí)創(chuàng)建描述符
靜態(tài)方法和類方法
? ??? ?? ??? ???? Python ??? ???

Python ??? ???

Feb 09, 2017 am 10:52 AM
python

??

???(???)? Python ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? Python ??? ???? ?? ?????. ??. ? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? __getattr__, __getattribute__ ? __getitem__? ??? ????.

??? ??

descr__get__(self,?obj,?objtype=None)?-->?value

descr.__set__(self,?obj,?value)?-->?None

descr.__delete__(self,?obj)?-->?None

?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ????.

??? ??

?? ???? RevealAcess ???? ??? __get__ ???? ?????. ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ? ????.

class?RevealAccess(object):
????def?__get__(self,?obj,?objtype):
????????print('self?in?RevealAccess:?{}'.format(self))
????????print('self:?{}\nobj:?{}\nobjtype:?{}'.format(self,?obj,?objtype))


class?MyClass(object):
????x?=?RevealAccess()
????def?test(self):
????????print('self?in?MyClass:?{}'.format(self))

EX1 ???? ??

???? __get__ ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ?? ??? self? RevealAccess ???? ???? x?? obj? MyClass ??? ???? m, objtype? ???? ? ? ??? MyClass ??? ?????. ?? ??? ? ? ??? m.x ??? ??? x? __get__ ???? ?????.

>>>?m?=?MyClass()
>>>?m.test()
self?in?MyClass:?<__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>

>>>?m.x
self?in?RevealAccess:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
self:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
obj:?<__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>
objtype:?<class &#39;__main__.MyClass&#39;>

EX2 ??? ??

???? ?? x ??? ?? ????? ?? obj ??? ?? None?? ?? MyClass? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????.

>>>?MyClass.x
self?in?RevealAccess:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
self:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
obj:?None
objtype:?<class &#39;__main__.MyClass&#39;>

??? ??

??? ???

?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ??:

  • ???? ??? ????? ?? obj.d? type(obj ).__dict__['d'? ???? object.__getattribute__()? ???? ?? ????. ].__get__(obj, ??(obj)).

  • ??? ??? ????? ?? cls.d? cls.__dict__['d'].__get__( ??, cls)? Python ??? ???? ??? ????.

def?__getattribute__(self,?key):
????"Emulate?type_getattro()?in?Objects/typeobject.c"
????v?=?object.__getattribute__(self,?key)
????if?hasattr(v,?'__get__'):
????????return?v.__get__(None,?self)
????return?v

__getattribute__ ?? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ?????. __getattr? __getitem__? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

??? ????

?? ???? ? ?? ???? ?????.

  • ??? __get__() ? __set__() ???? ?? ???? ?? , ? ???? ??? ????? ???.

  • ??? __get__() ???? ???? ?? ? ???? ???? ????? ???.

??? ???? ? ? ?? ??? ????.

  • ??? ???

  • ???? ??

  • ???? ???

  • __getattr__()

???? ???

data?descriptor?>?instance?dict?>?non-data?descriptor?>?__getattr__()

?? ?? ????? ?, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????->d? ???? ??->d? ???? ?? obj? ???? obj.d? ?? d? ???? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ??? Python? ?? ?????. obj.__dict__['d']? ???? ?? type(obj).__dict__['d'].__get__(obj, type(obj)). ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? Python? obj.__dict__['d']? ?????.

??

???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????. Python? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?????.

property(fget=None,?fset=None,?fdel=None,?doc=None)?->?property?attribute

fget, fset ? fdel? ?? ???? getter, setter ? deleter ??????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

class?Account(object):

????def?__init__(self):
????????self._acct_num?=?None

????def?get_acct_num(self):
????????return?self._acct_num

????def?set_acct_num(self,?value):
????????self._acct_num?=?value

????def?del_acct_num(self):
????????del?self._acct_num

????acct_num?=?property(get_acct_num,?set_acct_num,?del_acct_num,?'_acct_num?property.')

acct? Account? ????? ?? acct.acct_num? getter? ???? acct.acct_num = value? setter? ???? del acct_num.acct_num ???? ?????.

>>>?acct?=?Account()
>>>?acct.acct_num?=?1000
>>>?acct.acct_num
1000

Python? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ?? @property ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ?? getter, setter ? delete ????? ???? ????.

class?Account(object):

????def?__init__(self):
????????self._acct_num?=?None

????@property
?????#?the?_acct_num?property.?the?decorator?creates?a?read-only?property
????def?acct_num(self):
????????return?self._acct_num

????@acct_num.setter
????#?the?_acct_num?property?setter?makes?the?property?writeable
????def?set_acct_num(self,?value):
????????self._acct_num?=?value

????@acct_num.deleter
????def?del_acct_num(self):
????????del?self._acct_num

??? ?? ???? ????? setter ???? ???? ???.

???? ??? ???

???? ??? ??? ? ????:

class?Person(object):

????def?addProperty(self,?attribute):
????????#?create?local?setter?and?getter?with?a?particular?attribute?name
????????getter?=?lambda?self:?self._getProperty(attribute)
????????setter?=?lambda?self,?value:?self._setProperty(attribute,?value)

????????#?construct?property?attribute?and?add?it?to?the?class
????????setattr(self.__class__,?attribute,?property(fget=getter,?\
????????????????????????????????????????????????????fset=setter,?\
????????????????????????????????????????????????????doc="Auto-generated?method"))

????def?_setProperty(self,?attribute,?value):
????????print("Setting:?{}?=?{}".format(attribute,?value))
????????setattr(self,?'_'?+?attribute,?value.title())

????def?_getProperty(self,?attribute):
????????print("Getting:?{}".format(attribute))
????????return?getattr(self,?'_'?+?attribute)
rrree

?? ??? ? ??? ???

???? ???? ??? ?????? ? ????. Python? @staticmethod ? @classmethod. ?? ?? ?? ???????.

Transformation Called from an Object Called from a Class
function f(obj, *args) f(*args)
staticmethod f(*args) f(*args)
classmethod f(type(obj), *args) f(klass, *args)

靜態(tài)方法

對(duì)于靜態(tài)方法f。c.f和C.f是等價(jià)的,都是直接查詢object.__getattribute__(c, ‘f’)或者object.__getattribute__(C, ’f‘)。靜態(tài)方法一個(gè)明顯的特征就是沒(méi)有self變量。

靜態(tài)方法有什么用呢?假設(shè)有一個(gè)處理專門數(shù)據(jù)的容器類,它提供了一些方法來(lái)求平均數(shù),中位數(shù)等統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)方式,這些方法都是要依賴于相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)的。但是類中可能還有一些方法,并不依賴這些數(shù)據(jù),這個(gè)時(shí)候我們可以將這些方法聲明為靜態(tài)方法,同時(shí)這也可以提高代碼的可讀性。

使用非數(shù)據(jù)描述符來(lái)模擬一下靜態(tài)方法的實(shí)現(xiàn):

class?StaticMethod(object):
????def?__init__(self,?f):
????????self.f?=?f

????def?__get__(self,?obj,?objtype=None):
????????return?self.f

我們來(lái)應(yīng)用一下:

class?MyClass(object):
????@StaticMethod
????def?get_x(x):
????????return?x

print(MyClass.get_x(100))??#?output:?100

類方法

Python的@classmethod和@staticmethod的用法有些類似,但是還是有些不同,當(dāng)某些方法只需要得到類的引用而不關(guān)心類中的相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候就需要使用classmethod了。

使用非數(shù)據(jù)描述符來(lái)模擬一下類方法的實(shí)現(xiàn):

class?ClassMethod(object):
????def?__init__(self,?f):
????????self.f?=?f

????def?__get__(self,?obj,?klass=None):
????????if?klass?is?None:
????????????klass?=?type(obj)
????????def?newfunc(*args):
????????????return?self.f(klass,?*args)
????????return?newfunc

其他的魔術(shù)方法

首次接觸Python魔術(shù)方法的時(shí)候,我也被__get__, __getattribute__, __getattr__, __getitem__之間的區(qū)別困擾到了,它們都是和屬性訪問(wèn)相關(guān)的魔術(shù)方法,其中重寫__getattr__,__getitem__來(lái)構(gòu)造一個(gè)自己的集合類非常的常用,下面我們就通過(guò)一些例子來(lái)看一下它們的應(yīng)用。

__getattr__

Python默認(rèn)訪問(wèn)類/實(shí)例的某個(gè)屬性都是通過(guò)__getattribute__來(lái)調(diào)用的,__getattribute__會(huì)被無(wú)條件調(diào)用,沒(méi)有找到的話就會(huì)調(diào)用__getattr__。如果我們要定制某個(gè)類,通常情況下我們不應(yīng)該重寫__getattribute__,而是應(yīng)該重寫__getattr__,很少看見(jiàn)重寫__getattribute__的情況。

從下面的輸出可以看出,當(dāng)一個(gè)屬性通過(guò)__getattribute__無(wú)法找到的時(shí)候會(huì)調(diào)用__getattr__。

In?[1]:?class?Test(object):
????...:?????def?__getattribute__(self,?item):
????...:?????????print('call?__getattribute__')
????...:?????????return?super(Test,?self).__getattribute__(item)
????...:?????def?__getattr__(self,?item):
????...:?????????return?'call?__getattr__'
????...:

In?[2]:?Test().a
call?__getattribute__
Out[2]:?'call?__getattr__'

應(yīng)用

對(duì)于默認(rèn)的字典,Python只支持以obj['foo']形式來(lái)訪問(wèn),不支持obj.foo的形式,我們可以通過(guò)重寫__getattr__讓字典也支持obj['foo']的訪問(wèn)形式,這是一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典常用的用法:

class?Storage(dict):
????"""
????A?Storage?object?is?like?a?dictionary?except?`obj.foo`?can?be?used
????in?addition?to?`obj['foo']`.
????"""

????def?__getattr__(self,?key):
????????try:
????????????return?self[key]
????????except?KeyError?as?k:
????????????raise?AttributeError(k)

????def?__setattr__(self,?key,?value):
????????self[key]?=?value

????def?__delattr__(self,?key):
????????try:
????????????del?self[key]
????????except?KeyError?as?k:
????????????raise?AttributeError(k)

????def?__repr__(self):
????????return?'<Storage &#39; + dict.__repr__(self) + &#39;>'

我們來(lái)使用一下我們自定義的加強(qiáng)版字典:

>>>?s?=?Storage(a=1)
>>>?s['a']
1
>>>?s.a
1
>>>?s.a?=?2
>>>?s['a']
2
>>>?del?s.a
>>>?s.a
...
AttributeError:?'a'

__getitem__

getitem用于通過(guò)下標(biāo)[]的形式來(lái)獲取對(duì)象中的元素,下面我們通過(guò)重寫__getitem__來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)自己的list。

class?MyList(object):
????def?__init__(self,?*args):
????????self.numbers?=?args

????def?__getitem__(self,?item):
????????return?self.numbers[item]


my_list?=?MyList(1,?2,?3,?4,?6,?5,?3)
print?my_list[2]

這個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)非常的簡(jiǎn)陋,不支持slice和step等功能,請(qǐng)讀者自行改進(jìn),這里我就不重復(fù)了。

應(yīng)用

下面是參考requests庫(kù)中對(duì)于__getitem__的一個(gè)使用,我們定制了一個(gè)忽略屬性大小寫的字典類。

程序有些復(fù)雜,我稍微解釋一下:由于這里比較簡(jiǎn)單,沒(méi)有使用描述符的需求,所以使用了@property裝飾器來(lái)代替,lower_keys的功能是將實(shí)例字典中的鍵全部轉(zhuǎn)換成小寫并且存儲(chǔ)在字典self._lower_keys中。重寫了__getitem__方法,以后我們?cè)L問(wèn)某個(gè)屬性首先會(huì)將鍵轉(zhuǎn)換為小寫的方式,然后并不會(huì)直接訪問(wèn)實(shí)例字典,而是會(huì)訪問(wèn)字典self._lower_keys去查找。賦值/刪除操作的時(shí)候由于實(shí)例字典會(huì)進(jìn)行變更,為了保持self._lower_keys和實(shí)例字典同步,首先清除self._lower_keys的內(nèi)容,以后我們重新查找鍵的時(shí)候再調(diào)用__getitem__的時(shí)候會(huì)重新新建一個(gè)self._lower_keys。

class?CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):

????@property
????def?lower_keys(self):
????????if?not?hasattr(self,?'_lower_keys')?or?not?self._lower_keys:
????????????self._lower_keys?=?dict((k.lower(),?k)?for?k?in?self.keys())
????????return?self._lower_keys

????def?_clear_lower_keys(self):
????????if?hasattr(self,?'_lower_keys'):
????????????self._lower_keys.clear()

????def?__contains__(self,?key):
????????return?key.lower()?in?self.lower_keys

????def?__getitem__(self,?key):
????????if?key?in?self:
????????????return?dict.__getitem__(self,?self.lower_keys[key.lower()])

????def?__setitem__(self,?key,?value):
????????dict.__setitem__(self,?key,?value)
????????self._clear_lower_keys()

????def?__delitem__(self,?key):
????????dict.__delitem__(self,?key)
????????self._lower_keys.clear()

????def?get(self,?key,?default=None):
????????if?key?in?self:
????????????return?self[key]
????????else:
????????????return?default

我們來(lái)調(diào)用一下這個(gè)類:

>>>?d?=?CaseInsensitiveDict()
>>>?d['ziwenxie']?=?'ziwenxie'
>>>?d['ZiWenXie']?=?'ZiWenXie'

>>>?print(d)
{'ZiWenXie':?'ziwenxie',?'ziwenxie':?'ziwenxie'}
>>>?print(d['ziwenxie'])
ziwenxie

#?d['ZiWenXie']?=>?d['ziwenxie']
>>>?print(d['ZiWenXie'])
ziwenxie

References

HOWTO-GUIDE
DOCUMENTATION
IBM-DEVELOPWORKS
ZHIHU
REQUESTS
WEBPY


本文為作者原創(chuàng),轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)先與作者聯(lián)系。 首發(fā)于我的博客

引言

Descriptors(描述符)是Python語(yǔ)言中一個(gè)深?yuàn)W但很重要的一個(gè)黑魔法,它被廣泛應(yīng)用于Python語(yǔ)言的內(nèi)核,熟練掌握描述符將會(huì)為Python程序員的工具箱添加一個(gè)額外的技巧。本文我將講述描述符的定義以及一些常見(jiàn)的場(chǎng)景,并且在文末會(huì)補(bǔ)充一下__getattr__,__getattribute__, __getitem__這三個(gè)同樣涉及到屬性訪問(wèn)的魔術(shù)方法。

描述符的定義

descr__get__(self,?obj,?objtype=None)?-->?value

descr.__set__(self,?obj,?value)?-->?None

descr.__delete__(self,?obj)?-->?None

只要一個(gè)object attribute(對(duì)象屬性)定義了上面三個(gè)方法中的任意一個(gè),那么這個(gè)類就可以被稱為描述符類。

描述符基礎(chǔ)

下面這個(gè)例子中我們創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)RevealAcess類,并且實(shí)現(xiàn)了__get__方法,現(xiàn)在這個(gè)類可以被稱為一個(gè)描述符類。

class?RevealAccess(object):
????def?__get__(self,?obj,?objtype):
????????print('self?in?RevealAccess:?{}'.format(self))
????????print('self:?{}\nobj:?{}\nobjtype:?{}'.format(self,?obj,?objtype))


class?MyClass(object):
????x?=?RevealAccess()
????def?test(self):
????????print('self?in?MyClass:?{}'.format(self))

EX1實(shí)例屬性

接下來(lái)我們來(lái)看一下__get__方法的各個(gè)參數(shù)的含義,在下面這個(gè)例子中,self即RevealAccess類的實(shí)例x,obj即MyClass類的實(shí)例m,objtype顧名思義就是MyClass類自身。從輸出語(yǔ)句可以看出,m.x訪問(wèn)描述符x會(huì)調(diào)用__get__方法。

>>>?m?=?MyClass()
>>>?m.test()
self?in?MyClass:?<__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>

>>>?m.x
self?in?RevealAccess:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
self:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f19d4e420f0>
obj:?<__main__.MyClass object at 0x7f19d4e42160>
objtype:?<class &#39;__main__.MyClass&#39;>

EX2類屬性

如果通過(guò)類直接訪問(wèn)屬性x,那么obj接直接為None,這還是比較好理解,因?yàn)椴淮嬖贛yClass的實(shí)例。

>>>?MyClass.x
self?in?RevealAccess:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
self:?<__main__.RevealAccess object at 0x7f53651070f0>
obj:?None
objtype:?<class &#39;__main__.MyClass&#39;>

描述符的原理

描述符觸發(fā)

上面這個(gè)例子中,我們分別從實(shí)例屬性和類屬性的角度列舉了描述符的用法,下面我們來(lái)仔細(xì)分析一下內(nèi)部的原理:

  • 如果是對(duì)實(shí)例屬性進(jìn)行訪問(wèn),相當(dāng)于調(diào)用了object.__getattribute__(),它將obj.d轉(zhuǎn)譯成了type(obj).__dict__['d'].__get__(obj, type(obj))。

  • 如果是對(duì)類屬性進(jìn)行訪問(wèn),相當(dāng)于調(diào)用了type.__getattribute__(),它將cls.d轉(zhuǎn)譯成了cls.__dict__['d'].__get__(None, cls),轉(zhuǎn)換成Python代碼就是:

def?__getattribute__(self,?key):
????"Emulate?type_getattro()?in?Objects/typeobject.c"
????v?=?object.__getattribute__(self,?key)
????if?hasattr(v,?'__get__'):
????????return?v.__get__(None,?self)
????return?v

簡(jiǎn)單講一下__getattribute__魔術(shù)方法,這個(gè)方法在我們?cè)L問(wèn)一個(gè)對(duì)象的屬性的時(shí)候會(huì)被無(wú)條件調(diào)用,詳細(xì)的細(xì)節(jié)比如和__getattr, __getitem__的區(qū)別我會(huì)在文章的末尾做一個(gè)額外的補(bǔ)充,我們暫時(shí)并不深究。

描述符優(yōu)先級(jí)

首先,描述符分為兩種:

  • 如果一個(gè)對(duì)象同時(shí)定義了__get__()和__set__()方法,則這個(gè)描述符被稱為data descriptor。

  • 如果一個(gè)對(duì)象只定義了__get__()方法,則這個(gè)描述符被稱為non-data descriptor。

我們對(duì)屬性進(jìn)行訪問(wèn)的時(shí)候存在下面四種情況:

  • data descriptor

  • instance dict

  • non-data descriptor

  • __getattr__()

它們的優(yōu)先級(jí)大小是:

data?descriptor?>?instance?dict?>?non-data?descriptor?>?__getattr__()

這是什么意思呢?就是說(shuō)如果實(shí)例對(duì)象obj中出現(xiàn)了同名的data descriptor->d 和 instance attribute->d,obj.d對(duì)屬性d進(jìn)行訪問(wèn)的時(shí)候,由于data descriptor具有更高的優(yōu)先級(jí),Python便會(huì)調(diào)用type(obj).__dict__['d'].__get__(obj, type(obj))而不是調(diào)用obj.__dict__['d']。但是如果描述符是個(gè)non-data descriptor,Python則會(huì)調(diào)用obj.__dict__['d']。

Property

每次使用描述符的時(shí)候都定義一個(gè)描述符類,這樣看起來(lái)非常繁瑣。Python提供了一種簡(jiǎn)潔的方式用來(lái)向?qū)傩蕴砑訑?shù)據(jù)描述符。

property(fget=None,?fset=None,?fdel=None,?doc=None)?->?property?attribute

fget、fset和fdel分別是類的getter、setter和deleter方法。我們通過(guò)下面的一個(gè)示例來(lái)說(shuō)明如何使用Property:

class?Account(object):

????def?__init__(self):
????????self._acct_num?=?None

????def?get_acct_num(self):
????????return?self._acct_num

????def?set_acct_num(self,?value):
????????self._acct_num?=?value

????def?del_acct_num(self):
????????del?self._acct_num

????acct_num?=?property(get_acct_num,?set_acct_num,?del_acct_num,?'_acct_num?property.')

如果acct是Account的一個(gè)實(shí)例,acct.acct_num將會(huì)調(diào)用getter,acct.acct_num = value將調(diào)用setter,del acct_num.acct_num將調(diào)用deleter。

>>>?acct?=?Account()
>>>?acct.acct_num?=?1000
>>>?acct.acct_num
1000

Python也提供了@property裝飾器,對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景可以使用它來(lái)創(chuàng)建屬性。一個(gè)屬性對(duì)象擁有g(shù)etter,setter和deleter裝飾器方法,可以使用它們通過(guò)對(duì)應(yīng)的被裝飾函數(shù)的accessor函數(shù)創(chuàng)建屬性的拷貝。

class?Account(object):

????def?__init__(self):
????????self._acct_num?=?None

????@property
?????#?the?_acct_num?property.?the?decorator?creates?a?read-only?property
????def?acct_num(self):
????????return?self._acct_num

????@acct_num.setter
????#?the?_acct_num?property?setter?makes?the?property?writeable
????def?set_acct_num(self,?value):
????????self._acct_num?=?value

????@acct_num.deleter
????def?del_acct_num(self):
????????del?self._acct_num

如果想讓屬性只讀,只需要去掉setter方法。

在運(yùn)行時(shí)創(chuàng)建描述符

我們可以在運(yùn)行時(shí)添加property屬性:

class?Person(object):

????def?addProperty(self,?attribute):
????????#?create?local?setter?and?getter?with?a?particular?attribute?name
????????getter?=?lambda?self:?self._getProperty(attribute)
????????setter?=?lambda?self,?value:?self._setProperty(attribute,?value)

????????#?construct?property?attribute?and?add?it?to?the?class
????????setattr(self.__class__,?attribute,?property(fget=getter,?\
????????????????????????????????????????????????????fset=setter,?\
????????????????????????????????????????????????????doc="Auto-generated?method"))

????def?_setProperty(self,?attribute,?value):
????????print("Setting:?{}?=?{}".format(attribute,?value))
????????setattr(self,?'_'?+?attribute,?value.title())

????def?_getProperty(self,?attribute):
????????print("Getting:?{}".format(attribute))
????????return?getattr(self,?'_'?+?attribute)
>>>?user?=?Person()
>>>?user.addProperty('name')
>>>?user.addProperty('phone')
>>>?user.name?=?'john?smith'
Setting:?name?=?john?smith
>>>?user.phone?=?'12345'
Setting:?phone?=?12345
>>>?user.name
Getting:?name
'John?Smith'
>>>?user.__dict__
{'_phone':?'12345',?'_name':?'John?Smith'}

靜態(tài)方法和類方法

我們可以使用描述符來(lái)模擬Python中的@staticmethod和@classmethod的實(shí)現(xiàn)。我們首先來(lái)瀏覽一下下面這張表:

Transformation Called from an Object Called from a Class
function f(obj, *args) f(*args)
staticmethod f(*args) f(*args)
classmethod f(type(obj), *args) f(klass, *args)

靜態(tài)方法

對(duì)于靜態(tài)方法f。c.f和C.f是等價(jià)的,都是直接查詢object.__getattribute__(c, ‘f’)或者object.__getattribute__(C, ’f‘)。靜態(tài)方法一個(gè)明顯的特征就是沒(méi)有self變量。

靜態(tài)方法有什么用呢?假設(shè)有一個(gè)處理專門數(shù)據(jù)的容器類,它提供了一些方法來(lái)求平均數(shù),中位數(shù)等統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)方式,這些方法都是要依賴于相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)的。但是類中可能還有一些方法,并不依賴這些數(shù)據(jù),這個(gè)時(shí)候我們可以將這些方法聲明為靜態(tài)方法,同時(shí)這也可以提高代碼的可讀性。

使用非數(shù)據(jù)描述符來(lái)模擬一下靜態(tài)方法的實(shí)現(xiàn):

class?StaticMethod(object):
????def?__init__(self,?f):
????????self.f?=?f

????def?__get__(self,?obj,?objtype=None):
????????return?self.f

我們來(lái)應(yīng)用一下:

class?MyClass(object):
????@StaticMethod
????def?get_x(x):
????????return?x

print(MyClass.get_x(100))??#?output:?100

類方法

Python的@classmethod和@staticmethod的用法有些類似,但是還是有些不同,當(dāng)某些方法只需要得到類的引用而不關(guān)心類中的相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)候就需要使用classmethod了。

使用非數(shù)據(jù)描述符來(lái)模擬一下類方法的實(shí)現(xiàn):

class?ClassMethod(object):
????def?__init__(self,?f):
????????self.f?=?f

????def?__get__(self,?obj,?klass=None):
????????if?klass?is?None:
????????????klass?=?type(obj)
????????def?newfunc(*args):
????????????return?self.f(klass,?*args)
????????return?newfunc

其他的魔術(shù)方法

首次接觸Python魔術(shù)方法的時(shí)候,我也被__get__, __getattribute__, __getattr__, __getitem__之間的區(qū)別困擾到了,它們都是和屬性訪問(wèn)相關(guān)的魔術(shù)方法,其中重寫__getattr__,__getitem__來(lái)構(gòu)造一個(gè)自己的集合類非常的常用,下面我們就通過(guò)一些例子來(lái)看一下它們的應(yīng)用。

__getattr__

Python默認(rèn)訪問(wèn)類/實(shí)例的某個(gè)屬性都是通過(guò)__getattribute__來(lái)調(diào)用的,__getattribute__會(huì)被無(wú)條件調(diào)用,沒(méi)有找到的話就會(huì)調(diào)用__getattr__。如果我們要定制某個(gè)類,通常情況下我們不應(yīng)該重寫__getattribute__,而是應(yīng)該重寫__getattr__,很少看見(jiàn)重寫__getattribute__的情況。

從下面的輸出可以看出,當(dāng)一個(gè)屬性通過(guò)__getattribute__無(wú)法找到的時(shí)候會(huì)調(diào)用__getattr__。

In?[1]:?class?Test(object):
????...:?????def?__getattribute__(self,?item):
????...:?????????print('call?__getattribute__')
????...:?????????return?super(Test,?self).__getattribute__(item)
????...:?????def?__getattr__(self,?item):
????...:?????????return?'call?__getattr__'
????...:

In?[2]:?Test().a
call?__getattribute__
Out[2]:?'call?__getattr__'

應(yīng)用

對(duì)于默認(rèn)的字典,Python只支持以obj['foo']形式來(lái)訪問(wèn),不支持obj.foo的形式,我們可以通過(guò)重寫__getattr__讓字典也支持obj['foo']的訪問(wèn)形式,這是一個(gè)非常經(jīng)典常用的用法:

class?Storage(dict):
????"""
????A?Storage?object?is?like?a?dictionary?except?`obj.foo`?can?be?used
????in?addition?to?`obj['foo']`.
????"""

????def?__getattr__(self,?key):
????????try:
????????????return?self[key]
????????except?KeyError?as?k:
????????????raise?AttributeError(k)

????def?__setattr__(self,?key,?value):
????????self[key]?=?value

????def?__delattr__(self,?key):
????????try:
????????????del?self[key]
????????except?KeyError?as?k:
????????????raise?AttributeError(k)

????def?__repr__(self):
????????return?'<Storage &#39; + dict.__repr__(self) + &#39;>'

我們來(lái)使用一下我們自定義的加強(qiáng)版字典:

>>>?s?=?Storage(a=1)
>>>?s['a']
1
>>>?s.a
1
>>>?s.a?=?2
>>>?s['a']
2
>>>?del?s.a
>>>?s.a
...
AttributeError:?'a'

__getitem__

getitem用于通過(guò)下標(biāo)[]的形式來(lái)獲取對(duì)象中的元素,下面我們通過(guò)重寫__getitem__來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)自己的list。

class?MyList(object):
????def?__init__(self,?*args):
????????self.numbers?=?args

????def?__getitem__(self,?item):
????????return?self.numbers[item]


my_list?=?MyList(1,?2,?3,?4,?6,?5,?3)
print?my_list[2]

這個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)非常的簡(jiǎn)陋,不支持slice和step等功能,請(qǐng)讀者自行改進(jìn),這里我就不重復(fù)了。

應(yīng)用

下面是參考requests庫(kù)中對(duì)于__getitem__的一個(gè)使用,我們定制了一個(gè)忽略屬性大小寫的字典類。

程序有些復(fù)雜,我稍微解釋一下:由于這里比較簡(jiǎn)單,沒(méi)有使用描述符的需求,所以使用了@property裝飾器來(lái)代替,lower_keys的功能是將實(shí)例字典中的鍵全部轉(zhuǎn)換成小寫并且存儲(chǔ)在字典self._lower_keys中。重寫了__getitem__方法,以后我們?cè)L問(wèn)某個(gè)屬性首先會(huì)將鍵轉(zhuǎn)換為小寫的方式,然后并不會(huì)直接訪問(wèn)實(shí)例字典,而是會(huì)訪問(wèn)字典self._lower_keys去查找。賦值/刪除操作的時(shí)候由于實(shí)例字典會(huì)進(jìn)行變更,為了保持self._lower_keys和實(shí)例字典同步,首先清除self._lower_keys的內(nèi)容,以后我們重新查找鍵的時(shí)候再調(diào)用__getitem__的時(shí)候會(huì)重新新建一個(gè)self._lower_keys。

class?CaseInsensitiveDict(dict):

????@property
????def?lower_keys(self):
????????if?not?hasattr(self,?'_lower_keys')?or?not?self._lower_keys:
????????????self._lower_keys?=?dict((k.lower(),?k)?for?k?in?self.keys())
????????return?self._lower_keys

????def?_clear_lower_keys(self):
????????if?hasattr(self,?'_lower_keys'):
????????????self._lower_keys.clear()

????def?__contains__(self,?key):
????????return?key.lower()?in?self.lower_keys

????def?__getitem__(self,?key):
????????if?key?in?self:
????????????return?dict.__getitem__(self,?self.lower_keys[key.lower()])

????def?__setitem__(self,?key,?value):
????????dict.__setitem__(self,?key,?value)
????????self._clear_lower_keys()

????def?__delitem__(self,?key):
????????dict.__delitem__(self,?key)
????????self._lower_keys.clear()

????def?get(self,?key,?default=None):
????????if?key?in?self:
????????????return?self[key]
????????else:
????????????return?default

我們來(lái)調(diào)用一下這個(gè)類:

>>>?d?=?CaseInsensitiveDict()
>>>?d['ziwenxie']?=?'ziwenxie'
>>>?d['ZiWenXie']?=?'ZiWenXie'

>>>?print(d)
{'ZiWenXie':?'ziwenxie',?'ziwenxie':?'ziwenxie'}
>>>?print(d['ziwenxie'])
ziwenxie

#?d['ZiWenXie']?=>?d['ziwenxie']
>>>?print(d['ZiWenXie'])
ziwenxie

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