TypeScript? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ? ???? ???? TypeScript? ?? ??? ??, ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

1. TypeScript? ?? ?? ??? ???

TypeScript? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.

1.1 ??? ??
??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

type StatusCode<T> = T extends "success" ? 200 : 400;
type Result = StatusCode<"success">; // 200

?? ??:

• ???? ???? API? ?????.
• ?? ?? ??.

1.2 ???? ??
TypeScript? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????.

??: ?? ??? ????? ????.
?? ??: ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ????.
Pick: ???? ?? ??? ?????.

?:
??? ??? ?? ???? ????.

type Config<T> = Readonly<Partial<T>>;
interface AppSettings { darkMode: boolean; version: string; }
const appConfig: Config<AppSettings> = { version: "1.0" };

1.3 ??? ??
??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.

type Optional<T> = { [K in keyof T]?: T[K] };
interface User { name: string; age: number; }
type OptionalUser = Optional<User>; // { name?: string; age?: number; }

?? ??? ???? ??

• ?? ????? ??? ??? API? ?????.
• ?? ???? ?????.

1.4 ??? ??? ??
?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

type Endpoint = `api/${string}`;
const userEndpoint: Endpoint = "api/users";

?? ????:

• REST API? ?? ?? URL ??.
• ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ?????.

???? ??

???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???.

2.1 ??? ???
JSON? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ?????.

type JSONData = string | number | boolean | JSONData[] | { [key: string]: JSONData };

2.2 ?? ????
???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????.

function merge<T extends object, U extends object>(obj1: T, obj2: U): T & U {
  return { ...obj1, ...obj2 };
}
const merged = merge({ name: "Alice" }, { age: 30 });

3. ??? ? ?? ?? TypeScript

3.1? ???
?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ????.

function isString(value: unknown): value is string {
  return typeof value === "string";
}

??? ??:

• ??? ??? ?????.
• ?? ?? ??? ??????.

3.2 ?????
?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????.

function Log(target: any, key: string, descriptor: PropertyDescriptor) {
  const original = descriptor.value;
  descriptor.value = function (...args: any[]) {
    console.log(`Method ${key} called with arguments: ${args}`);
    return original.apply(this, args);
  };
}
class Greeter {
  @Log
  greet(name: string) {
    return `Hello, ${name}`;
  }
}

?? ??:

• ??, ??, ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??.
• Angular ? NestJS? ?? ??????? ??????.

4. ?? ???

TypeScript? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ? ????.

4.1 ?? ??
?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

type StatusCode<T> = T extends "success" ? 200 : 400;
type Result = StatusCode<"success">; // 200

4.2 ?? ???
?? ?????? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????.

5. TypeScript? ?? ??? ??

5.1 GraphQL
TypeScript? ????? ?? ???? ?? GraphQL? ???? ?????.

type Config<T> = Readonly<Partial<T>>;
interface AppSettings { darkMode: boolean; version: string; }
const appConfig: Config<AppSettings> = { version: "1.0" };

5.2 ?????

TypeScript? ?? ???? ??? ?? WebAssembly? ?? ??? ? ???? ??? ??????? ?????.

6. ??? ? ???

TypeScript? Jest? ?? ?????? ???? ??????.

type Optional<T> = { [K in keyof T]?: T[K] };
interface User { name: string; age: number; }
type OptionalUser = Optional<User>; // { name?: string; age?: number; }

7. TypeScript? ??? ??

7.1 ??? ??
TypeScript?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????.

type Endpoint = `api/${string}`;
const userEndpoint: Endpoint = "api/users";

7.2 ??? ??
TypeScript?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

type JSONData = string | number | boolean | JSONData[] | { [key: string]: JSONData };

8. ?? ?? ??

1. ??? ??????
?????? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.

2. Linting ? ?? ?? ??
ESLint? Prettier? ???? ?????.

3. ???? ?? ??
?? ?????? TypeScript? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ?????.

??

? ???? ?????? TypeScript? ???? ????? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? TypeScript? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????.

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??, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ? ???...?

? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? TypeScript ??? ?? ?????. ??? ??? PHP ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????!