Python ?????? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ? ????. ???? ???? ????, ??? ????, ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ?? ?????.

??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.

class MyMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        # Add a new method to the class
        attrs['custom_method'] = lambda self: print("This is a custom method")
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class MyClass(metaclass=MyMetaclass):
    pass

obj = MyClass()
obj.custom_method()  # Outputs: This is a custom method

? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.

?????? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????.

class Singleton(type):
    _instances = {}
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]

class MysingClass(metaclass=Singleton):
    pass

a = MySingClass()
b = MySingClass()
print(a is b)  # Outputs: True

? ?????? ?????? ? ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????.

?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??, ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????.

import time

class TimingMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        for attr_name, attr_value in attrs.items():
            if callable(attr_value):
                attrs[attr_name] = cls.timing_wrapper(attr_value)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

    @staticmethod
    def timing_wrapper(method):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            start = time.time()
            result = method(*args, **kwargs)
            end = time.time()
            print(f"{method.__name__} took {end - start} seconds")
            return result
        return wrapper

class MyClass(metaclass=TimingMetaclass):
    def method1(self):
        time.sleep(1)

    def method2(self):
        time.sleep(2)

obj = MyClass()
obj.method1()
obj.method2()

? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ????.

?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????.

class InterfaceMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        if not attrs.get('abstract', False):
            for method in attrs.get('required_methods', []):
                if method not in attrs:
                    raise TypeError(f"Class {name} is missing required method: {method}")
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class MyInterface(metaclass=InterfaceMetaclass):
    abstract = True
    required_methods = ['method1', 'method2']

class MyImplementation(MyInterface):
    def method1(self):
        pass

    def method2(self):
        pass

# This will work fine
obj = MyImplementation()

# This will raise a TypeError
class IncompleteImplementation(MyInterface):
    def method1(self):
        pass

? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??????.

?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????.

class AutoPropertyMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        for key, value in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(value, tuple) and len(value) == 2:
                getter, setter = value
                attrs[key] = property(getter, setter)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class MyClass(metaclass=AutoPropertyMetaclass):
    x = (lambda self: self._x, lambda self, value: setattr(self, '_x', value))

obj = MyClass()
obj.x = 10
print(obj.x)  # Outputs: 10

? ?????? getter ? setter ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????.

?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????.

class RegisterMethods(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        new_attrs = {}
        for key, value in attrs.items():
            if callable(value) and key.startswith('register_'):
                new_attrs[key[9:]] = value
            else:
                new_attrs[key] = value
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, new_attrs)

class MyClass(metaclass=RegisterMethods):
    def register_method1(self):
        print("This is method1")

    def register_method2(self):
        print("This is method2")

obj = MyClass()
obj.method1()  # Outputs: This is method1
obj.method2()  # Outputs: This is method2

? ??? 'register_'? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????.

?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????.

class TypedDescriptor:
    def __init__(self, name, expected_type):
        self.name = name
        self.expected_type = expected_type

    def __get__(self, obj, objtype):
        if obj is None:
            return self
        return obj.__dict__.get(self.name)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        if not isinstance(value, self.expected_type):
            raise TypeError(f"Expected {self.expected_type}, got {type(value)}")
        obj.__dict__[self.name] = value

class TypeCheckedMeta(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        for key, value in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(value, type):
                attrs[key] = TypedDescriptor(key, value)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class MyClass(metaclass=TypeCheckedMeta):
    x = int
    y = str

obj = MyClass()
obj.x = 10  # This is fine
obj.y = "hello"  # This is fine
obj.x = "10"  # This will raise a TypeError

? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????.

?????? ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????.

class TraitMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        traits = attrs.get('traits', [])
        for trait in traits:
            for key, value in trait.__dict__.items():
                if not key.startswith('__'):
                    attrs[key] = value
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class Trait1:
    def method1(self):
        print("Method from Trait1")

class Trait2:
    def method2(self):
        print("Method from Trait2")

class MyClass(metaclass=TraitMetaclass):
    traits = [Trait1, Trait2]

obj = MyClass()
obj.method1()  # Outputs: Method from Trait1
obj.method2()  # Outputs: Method from Trait2

? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????.

class MyMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        # Add a new method to the class
        attrs['custom_method'] = lambda self: print("This is a custom method")
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

class MyClass(metaclass=MyMetaclass):
    pass

obj = MyClass()
obj.custom_method()  # Outputs: This is a custom method

? ??? ?????? @lazy? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????.

class Singleton(type):
    _instances = {}
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super().__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]

class MysingClass(metaclass=Singleton):
    pass

a = MySingClass()
b = MySingClass()
print(a is b)  # Outputs: True

? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ????.

?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ????.

import time

class TimingMetaclass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        for attr_name, attr_value in attrs.items():
            if callable(attr_value):
                attrs[attr_name] = cls.timing_wrapper(attr_value)
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)

    @staticmethod
    def timing_wrapper(method):
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            start = time.time()
            result = method(*args, **kwargs)
            end = time.time()
            print(f"{method.__name__} took {end - start} seconds")
            return result
        return wrapper

class MyClass(metaclass=TimingMetaclass):
    def method1(self):
        time.sleep(1)

    def method2(self):
        time.sleep(2)

obj = MyClass()
obj.method1()
obj.method2()

? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

?????? Python? ??? ???, ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ????. ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ????, ??? API? ???? ? ?? ?????.

??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ????.

?, ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? Python ??? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ????.

???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ??, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????. ?? Python ?? ????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ????.

?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? Python ?????? ?????? ?? ? ????. ? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????!

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