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Table of Contents
2. Number Formatting with Intl.NumberFormat
Formatting Currencies
3. Sorting and Comparing Strings with Intl.Collator
4. Pluralization and Relative Time with Intl.RelativeTimeFormat
Bonus: Detecting User Locale
Home Web Front-end JS Tutorial JavaScript's Internationalization (Intl) API in Practice

JavaScript's Internationalization (Intl) API in Practice

Aug 01, 2025 am 04:36 AM
國(guó)際化API

JavaScript's Intl API is a built-in tool for handling international formatting. 1. Use Intl.DateTimeFormat to format dates and times by region, customize options and specify time zones; 2. Use Intl.NumberFormat to format numbers and currencies, support mitograms, decimal points and currency symbols in different regions, and improve readability through currencyDisplay; 3. Use Intl.Collator to implement language-sensitive string sorting, support ignoring case and accents and enabling numeric sorting; 4. Use Intl.RelativeTimeFormat to localize relative time expressions, such as "yesterday" or "2 days later", which can be displayed dynamically with the time difference function; in addition, the user language can be detected through navigator.language and combined with the translation library to achieve full i18n support. This API is widely supported in modern browsers and Node.js, and is the preferred solution for formatting dates, numbers, times and sorting.

JavaScript\'s Internationalization (Intl) API in Practice

JavaScript's Intl API is a powerful built-in tool for formatting numbers, dates, times, and strings in a language-sensitive way. While JavaScript has basic formatting capabilities, the Intl API brings real-world internationalization (i18n) support—handling regional differences in formatting, pluralization, and sorting. Here's how to use it effectively in practice.

JavaScript's Internationalization (Intl) API in Practice

1. Formatting Dates and Times with Intl.DateTimeFormat

Displaying dates and times correctly across regions is one of the most common i18n tasks. The Intl.DateTimeFormat object lets you format dates according to locale-specific conventions.

 const date = new Date();

// US English: 12/25/2023, 4:30:15 PM
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-US').format(date));

// German: 25.12.2023, 16:30:15
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('de-DE').format(date));

// Japanese: 2023/12/25 16:30:15
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('ja-JP').format(date));

You can also customize the output:

JavaScript's Internationalization (Intl) API in Practice
 const options = {
  year: 'numeric',
  month: 'long',
  day: 'numeric',
  hour: '2-digit',
  minute: '2-digit',
  second: '2-digit',
  timeZoneName: 'short'
};

// Output: December 25, 2023, 04:30:15 PM EST
console.log(new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-US', options).format(date));

Key tip: Always specify the time zone if your app deals with users across regions:

 new Intl.DateTimeFormat('en-US', { timeZone: 'Asia/Tokyo' }).format(date);

2. Number Formatting with Intl.NumberFormat

Numbers vary widely by locale—decimal separators, thousands separators, and currency symbols all different.

JavaScript's Internationalization (Intl) API in Practice
 const number = 1234567.89;

// US: 1,234,567.89
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US').format(number));

// Germany: 1.234.567,89
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('de-DE').format(number));

// India: 12,34,567.89 (lakh/crore system)
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('en-IN').format(number));

Formatting Currencies

 // US dollars: $1,234,567.89
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', {
  style: 'currency',
  currency: 'USD'
}).format(number));

// Euros in Germany: 1.234.567,89 €
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('de-DE', {
  style: 'currency',
  currency: 'EUR'
}).format(number));

// Indian Rupees: ?12,34,567.89
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('en-IN', {
  style: 'currency',
  currency: 'INR'
}).format(number));

Pro tip: Use currencyDisplay: 'code' or 'name' when clarity matters:

 // USD 1,234,567.89
console.log(new Intl.NumberFormat('en-US', {
  style: 'currency',
  currency: 'USD',
  currencyDisplay: 'code'
}).format(number));

3. Sorting and Comparing Strings with Intl.Collator

String comparison ( a < b ) is not reliable across languages due to accents, case, and sorting rules. Intl.Collator fixes that.

 const words = [&#39;?pfel&#39;, &#39;Zebra&#39;, &#39;apfel&#39;, &#39;zebra&#39;];

// Without collarator: ASCII order, not language-aware
console.log(words.sort()); // [&#39;Zebra&#39;, &#39;apfel&#39;, &#39;zebra&#39;, &#39;?pfel&#39;]

// With German sorting rules
console.log(words.sort(new Intl.Collator(&#39;de-DE&#39;).compare));
// [&#39;apfel&#39;, &#39;?pfel&#39;, &#39;Zebra&#39;, &#39;zebra&#39;]

Use options for case sensitivity, accents, etc.:

 new Intl.Collator(&#39;en-US&#39;, {
  sensitivity: &#39;base&#39;, // ignore case and accents
  numeric: true // sort "item2" before "item10"
}).compare(&#39;a&#39;, &#39;B&#39;);

This is especially useful for UIs with sortable lists in multiple languages.


4. Pluralization and Relative Time with Intl.RelativeTimeFormat

Displaying “2 days ago” or “in 1 hour” in a localized way used to require external libraries. Now, Intl.RelativeTimeFormat handles it natively.

 const rtf = new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(&#39;en-US&#39;, {
  numeric: &#39;auto&#39; // shows "yesterday" instead of "1 day ago"
});

console.log(rtf.format(-1, &#39;day&#39;)); // "yesterday"
console.log(rtf.format(2, &#39;day&#39;)); // "in 2 days"
console.log(rtf.format(-3, &#39;week&#39;)); // "3 weeks ago"

Units supported: year , quarter , month , week , day , hour , minute , second .

This works across languages:

 // Spanish: "hoy"
new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(&#39;es-ES&#39;, { numeric: &#39;auto&#39; }).format(0, &#39;day&#39;);

Combine it with a simple function to display dynamic time:

 function timeAgo(date) {
  const now = new Date();
  const diffInSeconds = Math.round((now - date) / 1000);
  const intervals = [
    { unit: &#39;year&#39;, seconds: 31536000 },
    { unit: &#39;month&#39;, seconds: 2592000 },
    { unit: &#39;week&#39;, seconds: 604800 },
    { unit: &#39;day&#39;, seconds: 86400 },
    { unit: &#39;hour&#39;, seconds: 3600 },
    { unit: &#39;minute&#39;, seconds: 60 }
  ];

  for (const { unit, seconds } of intervals) {
    const count = Math.floor(Math.abs(diffInSeconds) / seconds);
    if (count >= 1) {
      return new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(&#39;en-US&#39;, { numeric: &#39;auto&#39; })
        .format(diffInSeconds < 0 ? -count : count, unit);
    }
  }

  return &#39;just now&#39;;
}

Bonus: Detecting User Locale

While Intl doesn't detect the user's language, you can use navigator.language or navigator.languages :

 const userLang = navigator.language; // eg, &#39;en-US&#39;

// Fallback to default
const locale = supportedLocales.includes(userLang) ? userLang : &#39;en-US&#39;;

For full i18n apps, pair this with a translation system (like i18next ) and Intl for formatting.


The Intl API is well-supported in modern browsers and Node.js (v13 ). You don't need a library for basic formatting—just use what's built in. Focus on passing the right locale and options, and let the browser do the rest.

Basically, if you're formatting dates, numbers, or relative time, or sorting text, Intl should be your first stop. It's not flashy, but it's reliable and handles the messy details so you don't have to.

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