sudo stands for "substituteuserdo" or "superuserdo", allowing users to run commands with permissions of other users (usually root). Its core uses include: 1. Perform system-level operations such as installing software or editing system files; 2. Accessing protected directories or logs; 3. Manage services such as restarting nginx; 4. Modify global settings such as /etc/hosts. When using it, the system will check the /etc/sudoers configuration and verify the user password, provide temporary permissions instead of continuously logging in as root, ensuring security. Best practices include: only when necessary, avoid blindly executing network commands, editing sudoers files with visudo, and considering continuous operations.

The steps to modify the Hosts file on your Mac are as follows: 1. Use the terminal to run the command sudonano/etc/hosts with administrator permission to open the file and edit it; 2. Add or modify the IP and domain name mapping, the format is "IP address space domain name", and cannot be separated by Tab; 3. Press Control O to save, and then press Control X to exit the editor; 4. Run sudokillall-HUPmDNSResponder to refresh the DNS cache to make the modification take effect; 5. It is recommended to back up the original file before modification to avoid format errors affecting network access. Pay attention to spelling and grammar when operating to ensure that every step is accurate.

If macOS no longer supports 32-bit programs, you can try the following methods: 1. Use a virtual machine (such as ParallelsDesktop or VMwareFusion to install the old version of macOS to run 32-bit programs. You need to prepare a Mac, virtual machine software and legacy system image with good performance; 2. Find a 64-bit updated version of the software or use alternative software, such as using GIMP or AffinityPhoto instead of the old version of Photoshop; 3. Install Windows through BootCamp on Intel Mac to run 32-bit applications, but the operation is complicated and the driver may be incompatible; 4. If the software is no longer maintained, you can only keep the old Mac running. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, and should be based on the technology

iCloud backup is suitable for critical data on iOS devices, while TimeMachine is used for full system backups of Macs. 1. iCloud automatically backs up settings, messages, photos, etc. on iPhone and iPad, but does not include re-downloadable applications and media; 2. TimeMachine requires external storage devices, which can back up the entire Mac system including files, applications and desktop layout; 3. iCloud is more convenient to use in daily life, relying on network and space management, while TimeMachine provides local storage and retains multiple versions of files; 4. Most users use both at the same time to achieve comprehensive data protection.

PrivateRelay is a privacy protection feature launched by Apple that hides user identities and browsing content through encryption and segmentation of network requests. The specific operation is divided into two steps: one is to encrypt the data and forward it through two relay servers. The first is to know the IP and the second is to know the content that does not know the user's identity; the second is to realize privacy isolation, and even Apple cannot obtain the complete record. Supported devices must meet: iOS15/iPadOS15/macOSMonterey and above systems, log in to AppleID and subscribe to iCloud services, and are only available for Safari browser. Its benefits include preventing ISP tracking, no additional settings are required, default activation, etc.; the limitation is that it does not support the wall surfing and only protects Safar.

To share files between two Macs on the same network, first make sure that the two devices are connected to the same LAN, then enable file sharing on the host, set shared folders and access permissions, and then connect from another Mac through the access sidebar or manually enter the SMB address, and finally you can browse, copy or transfer files. Common problems include waiting or restarting the network when the device cannot be discovered. If the permissions are incorrect, you need to check the username, password and sharing settings. If the connection fails, you can try the SMB address. If the firewall blocks, you can temporarily close the test.

To adjust the Dock on Mac according to usage habits to improve efficiency, you can follow the following steps: 1. Adjust the size and position: Go to "System Settings" > "Desktop and Dock", check "Automatic Show and Hide Dock", slide the bar to adjust the icon size; select the left, bottom or right place in "Dock Position". 2. Add or remove apps and folders: Drag the app from "Applications" to the Dock, and drag out the outside of the icon to remove the item. 3. Customize behavior and animation effects: Set click icon to display recent documents, window thumbnail previews, and use dividers or empty launchers to improve organization and quickly return to the desktop. Turning on the auto-hide function helps save screen space and make your work more focused.

iCloudDrive's Desktop & Documents folder feature enables cross-device synchronization by migrating desktop and document folders to iCloud. 1. After turning on, the system automatically moves the file to iCloudDrive to maintain local display and access experience; 2. When connected to the network, the file can be edited and synchronized to other devices at any time; 3. When Mac storage space is insufficient, the files will "slim down" with great use, only icons and names are retained, and the content will be downloaded as needed; 4. Set the path to macOS settings→AppleID→iCloud→check "iCloudDrive"→click "Options" and enable "Desktop and Document Folder"; 5. Notes include: First uploading requires stable