Eloquent ORM is Laravel's built-in object-relational mapping system. It operates the database through PHP syntax instead of native SQL, making the code more concise and easy to maintain; 1. Each data table corresponds to a model class, and each record exists as a model instance; 2. Adopt active record mode, and the model instance can be saved or updated by itself; 3. Support batch assignment, and the $fillable attribute needs to be defined in the model to ensure security; 4. Provide strong relationship support, such as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many, etc., and can access the associated data through method calls; 5. Integrated query constructor, where, orderBy and other methods can be called chained to build queries; 6. Support accessors and modifiers, which can format data when obtaining or setting attributes; 7. Has database irrelevance, SQL injection protection, and Laravel The advantages of seamless integration of other functions; for example, User::find(1)->posts can obtain all the user's articles, while $user->delete() will automatically perform deletion operations, and all SQL is automatically processed by Eloquent. Developers only need to focus on PHP logic, so Eloquent greatly improves development efficiency and code readability.
Eloquent ORM is Laravel's built-in Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) system, which provides a simple and elegant way to interact with your database using PHP syntax instead of writing raw SQL queries.
Instead of thinking in terms of tables and rows, Eloquent lets you work with database records as if they were PHP objects , making your code cleaner, more readable, and easier to maintain.
What Does ORM Mean?
ORM stands for Object-Relational Mapping . It's a programming technique that connects object-oriented code to relational databases. With Eloquent:
- Each database table corresponds to a model (a PHP class).
- Each record (row) in the table is represented as an instance of that model.
- You can perform CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) using methods on the model.
For example, if you have a users table, you'd create a User model, and then do things like:
$user = new User; $user->name = 'John Doe'; $user->email = 'john@example.com'; $user->save();
This inserts a new user into the database — no SQL required.
Key Features of Eloquent
1. Active Record Pattern
Eloquent uses the active record pattern , meaning a model instance can save itself to the database.
$user = User::find(1); $user->name = 'Jane Doe'; $user->save(); // Automatically updates the record
2. Mass Assignment & Fillable Attributes
You can insert or update multiple fields at once using create() or update() , but you must specify which attributes are mass-assignable for security:
User::create([
'name' => 'Alice',
'email' => 'alice@example.com'
]);In your model:
class User extends Model {
protected $fillable = ['name', 'email'];
}3. Relationships Made Easy
One of Eloquent's strongest features is how it handles relationships between models.
Common relationship types include:
- One to One
- One to Many
- Many to Many
- Has Many Through
- Polymorphic Relations
Example: A User has many Posts :
class User extends Model {
public function posts() {
return $this->hasMany(Post::class);
}
}Now you can access them like:
$posts = User::find(1)->posts;
4. Query Builder Integration
Eloquent models inherit Laravel's powerful Query Builder , so you can chain methods to filter results:
$activeUsers = User::where('active', 1)
->orderBy('name')
->get();5. Accessors, Mutators & Attributes
You can format or modify data when getting or setting model properties.
For example, automatically capitalize a name when setting it:
public function setNameAttribute($value) {
$this->attributes['name'] = ucfirst($value);
}Or format a full name when accessing:
public function getFullNameAttribute() {
return $this->first_name . ' ' . $this->last_name;
}Why Use Eloquent?
- Cleaner code : No messy SQL strings scattered in your PHP.
- Database agnostic : Switch databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL, etc.) with minimal changes.
- Built-in security : Protection against SQL injection via parameter binding.
- Powerful relationships : Define and use complex relationships with minimal code.
- Integrated with Laravel : Works seamlessly with other Laravel features like controllers, middleware, and Blade templates.
Quick Example
// Retrieve a user and their posts $user = User::with('posts')->find(1); // Add a new post $post = new Post(['title' => 'My First Post']); $user->posts()->save($post); // Delete a user $user->delete();
Eloquent handles all the underlying SQL automatically.
Basically, Eloquent ORM makes working with databases in Laravel intuitive and expressive — you write PHP, not SQL, and Laravel does the heavy lifting. It's one of the reasons Laravel is so popular among PHP developers.
The above is the detailed content of What is Eloquent ORM in Laravel?. For more information, please follow other related articles on the PHP Chinese website!
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